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Biology Ch 9

front 1

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? anabolic pathways catabolic pathways fermentation pathways thermodynamic pathways bioenergetic pathways

back 1

catabolic pathways

front 2

What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C6H12O6) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? cellular respiration glycolysis fermentation citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation

back 2

cellular respiration

front 3

Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or) redox reactions? The molecule that is reduced gains electrons. The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons. The molecule that is reduced loses electrons. The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons. Both A and B are correct.

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Both A and B are correct.

front 4

Which statement is not correct with regard to redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions? A molecule is reduced if it loses electrons. A molecule is oxidized if it loses electrons. An electron donor is called a reducing agent. An electron acceptor is called an oxidizing agent. Oxidation and reduction always go together.

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A molecule is reduced if it loses electrons.

front 5

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction gains electrons and gains energy. loses electrons and loses energy. gains electrons and loses energy. loses electrons and gains energy. neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses energy.

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loses electrons and loses energy.

front 6

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? Energy is released. Energy is consumed. The more electronegative atom is reduced. The more electronegative atom is oxidized. A and C are correct.

back 6

A and C are correct.

front 7

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? The covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide. Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as carbon) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as oxygen). The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds. The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.

back 7

Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as carbon) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as oxygen).

front 8

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is false? NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. NAD+ is reduced by the action of dehydrogenases. NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot functio

back 8

NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.

front 9

Where does glycolysis takes place? mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial intermembrane space cytosol (liquid portion of the cytoplasm)

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cytosol (liquid portion of the cytoplasm)

front 10

The ATP made directly during glycolysis is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. electron transport. photophosphorylation. chemiosmosis. oxidation of NADH to NAD+.

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substrate-level phosphorylation.

front 11

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? glycolysis accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain resulting in the production of water the citric acid cycle the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

back 11

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain resulting in the production of water

front 12

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? electron transport glycolysis the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis

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glycolysis

front 13

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is false? Glycolysis has steps involving oxidation-reduction reactions. The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell. Glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2. The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O Glycolysis makes ATP exclusively through substrate-level phosphorylation.

back 13

The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O

front 14

During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is transferred to ADP, forming ATP. transferred directly to ATP. retained in the pyruvate. stored in the NADH produced. used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate.

back 14

retained in the pyruvate.

front 15

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? CO2 and H2O CO2 and pyruvate NADH and pyruvate CO2 and NADH H2O, FADH2, and citrate

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NADH and pyruvate

front 16

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are 2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O. 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 H2O. 6 CO2, 6 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate. 6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 ATP, and 2 citrate.

back 16

2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.

front 17

A molecule that is phosphorylated has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to participate in a chemical reaction. has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.

back 17

has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to participate in a chemical reaction.

front 18

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? An agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell An agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized An agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ An agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

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An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

front 19

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? cytosol mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix

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mitochondrial matrix

front 20

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? 2 4 6 8 10

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2

front 21

All of the following are functions of the citric acid (i. e., Krebs) cycle except production of ATP. production of NADH. production of FADH2. release of carbon dioxide. adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water.

back 21

adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water.

front 22

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation fermentation and glycolysis

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oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle

front 23

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced? 4 5 6 10 12

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12

front 24

Cellular respiration produces the most chemical energy in the form of ATP from which of the following? substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation converting oxygen to ATP transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain

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oxidative phosphorylation

front 25

During aerobic (oxygen present) respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? food _ citric acid cycle _ ATP _ NAD+ food _ NADH _ electron transport chain _ oxygen glucose _ pyruvate _ ATP _ oxygen glucose _ ATP _ electron transport chain _ NADH food _ glycolysis _ citric acid cycle _ NADH _ ATP

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food _ NADH _ electron transport chain _ oxygen

front 26

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? pyruvate malate or fumarate acetyl CoA Ñ-ketoglutarate succinyl CoA

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acetyl CoA

front 27

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? cytosol mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix

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mitochondrial inner membrane

front 28

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? NAD+ NADH ATP ADP + Pi FADH2

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FADH2

front 29

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. act as a terminal acceptor for electrons in electron transport combine with carbon, forming CO2. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.

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act as a terminal acceptor for electrons in electron transport

front 30

During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? carbon dioxide (CO2) glucose (C6H12O6) molecular oxygen (O2) pyruvate (C3H3O3) lactate (C3H5O3)

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molecular oxygen (O2)

front 31

Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis the citric acid cycle alcohol fermentation

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oxidative phosphorylation

front 32

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? cytosol mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix

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mitochondrial intermembrane space

front 33

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ________ and used primarily for ________. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis the electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation glycolysis; production of H2O fermentation; NAD+ reduction diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis

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the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis

front 34

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.

back 34

the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

front 35

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the formation of ATP. reduction of NAD+. restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane. creation of a proton gradient. lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.

back 35

creation of a proton gradient.

front 36

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? cytosol electron transport chain outer membrane inner membrane mitochondrial matrix

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inner membrane

front 37

Which process could be compared to how rushing steam turns a water wheel? the citric acid cycle ATP synthase activity formation of NADH in glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation the electron transport system

back 37

ATP synthase activity

front 38

How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22 O11), a disaccharide? 2 3 6 12 38

back 38

12

front 39

Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2) are required? 1 2 6 12 38

back 39

6

front 40

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? glycolysis fermentation oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation

back 40

oxidative phosphorylation

front 41

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration? 2 4 15 38 76

back 41

76

front 42

Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)? 36 77 173 212 1102

back 42

212

front 43

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of the cell? glycolysis and fermentation fermentation and chemiosmosis oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation

back 43

glycolysis and fermentation

front 44

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis chemiosmosis

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glycolysis

front 45

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? the electron transport chain substrate-level phosphorylation chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation aerobic respiration

back 45

substrate-level phosphorylation

front 46

Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ________, and in this step gain ________. lactate; ATP alcohol; CO2 alcohol; ATP ATP; NADH2 lactate; NAD+

back 46

lactate; ATP

front 47

Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements concerning phosphofructokinase is not true? It is activated by AMP (derived from ADP). It is inhibited by ATP. It is activated by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. It specifically catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. It is an allosteric enzyme.

back 47

NOT: It is inhibited by ATP. It is an allosteric enzyme.

front 48

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

back 48

inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

front 49

Pyruvate is formed on the inner mitochondrial membrane. in the mitochondrial matrix. on the outer mitochondrial membrane. in the nucleus. in the cytosol.

back 49

in the cytosol.

front 50

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. the flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. the affinity of oxygen for electrons. the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. the transfer of phosphate to ADP.

back 50

the H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

front 51

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate reduction of pyruvate to lactate

back 51

glycolysis

front 52

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in oxidative phosphorylation is oxygen. water. NAD+. pyruvate. ADP.

back 52

oxygen.

front 53

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? The pH of the matrix increases. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. The electrons gain free energy. The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. NAD+ is oxidized.

back 53

The pH of the matrix increases.

front 54

Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? Only respiration oxidizes glucose. NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only. Fermentation, but not respiration, is an example of a catabolic pathway. Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to fermentation. NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent only in respiration.

back 54

NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only.

front 55

Most CO2 from catabolism is released during glycolysis. the citric acid cycle. lactate fermentation. electron transport. oxidative phosphorylation.

back 55

the citric acid cycle.