front 1 What is Microbiology? | back 1 Study of Microorganisms |
front 2 Robert Hooke | back 2 1665- first person to describe a cell |
front 3 Antoni VonLeeWenhook | back 3 1673-developed the first simple microscope |
front 4 Golden Age of Microbiology | back 4 1857-1914 Laid the foundation of Microbiology |
front 5 Louis Pasteur | back 5 Father of Microbiology. |
front 6 Fermentation | back 6 1876, Louis Pasteur- yeast/bacteria convert sugar into alcohol in the absence of air. |
front 7 Spontaneous Generation | back 7 Rudolph Virchow |
front 8 Biogenesis | back 8 1860's, Rudolph Virchow-all living things come only from pre-existing living things |
front 9 Disproved Spontaneous Generation | back 9 1861- Louis Pasteur |
front 10 Pasteurization | back 10 1864, Louis Pasteur- supply just enough heat to kill the microbes |
front 11 Germ Theory of Disease | back 11 1860's. Louis Pasteur |
front 12 Joseph Lister | back 12 1860's, 1st person to test the Germ Theory of Disease. Used carbolic acid on his patients wounds |
front 13 Robert Koch | back 13 1876, Koch's Postulates- determine the cause of disease |
front 14 Edward Jenner | back 14 1796 small pox/cow pox |
front 15 Who termed the name Vaccination | back 15 Louis Pasteur. Vacca means cow in Latin |
front 16 Paul Ehrlich | back 16 1890's Theory of Immunity |
front 17 Alexander Fleming | back 17 1914- accidentally discovered the first antibiotic |
front 18 Major groups of Microbes | back 18 Bacteria. Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Virus, Multicellular animal parasites, Prions |
front 19 Bacteriologist | back 19 person who studies bacteria |
front 20 Oldest living organisms on the planet | back 20 Bacteria |
front 21 Unicellular Prokaryotes | back 21 Bacteria |
front 22 Eubacteria has a cell wall made up of | back 22 Peptidoglycan |
front 23 archaea meaning | back 23 ancient |
front 24 shapes of bacteria | back 24 rods, coccus, spiral, star, squares |
front 25 arrangements of bacteria | back 25 single, pair, clusters, chains |
front 26 reproduction of bacteria | back 26 mostly binary fission |
front 27 nutrition of bacteria | back 27 most use organic molecules. some use inorganic molecules. and some use photosynthesis(first to appear on the earth) |
front 28 movement of bacteria | back 28 flagella and cilia |
front 29 mycologist | back 29 person who studies fungi |
front 30 3 area of mycology | back 30 medical, agricultural, and ecological |
front 31 unicellular, multicellular Eukaryotes | back 31 fungi |
front 32 fungi's cell wall is made of | back 32 chitin |
front 33 3 different types of fungi | back 33 yeast, mold, mushrooms |
front 34 yeast | back 34 unicellular, oval in shape, larger than bacteria and they have a nucleus |
front 35 mold | back 35 multicellular, grow in long filaments called hyphae |
front 36 microscopic at least at one stage of their life | back 36 mold |
front 37 once a mold is visible it's called | back 37 mycellium |
front 38 reproduction of fungi | back 38 sexual or asexual |
front 39 unicellular eukaryote | back 39 protozoa |
front 40 cell wall of protozoa | back 40 atypical cell wall "pellicle" flexible outer coating |
front 41 classified by means of locomotion | back 41 protozoa -flagella,cilia, pseudopods |
front 42 reproduction of protozoa | back 42 sexual or asexual |
front 43 photosynthetic unicellular eukaryotes | back 43 algae |
front 44 cell wall of algae | back 44 cellulose |
front 45 reproduction of algae | back 45 sexual and/or asexual |
front 46 study of virus's | back 46 virology |
front 47 what is a virus | back 47 acellular, nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. either DNA or RNA, never both. |
front 48 reproduction of a virus | back 48 not capable of reproduction. they need a host |
front 49 multicellular animal parasites | back 49 Helminths-flatworms, roundworms, intestinal parasites. one stage of their life they are microscopic which is usually when we injest them. |
front 50 what is a prion | back 50 protein molecule |
front 51 Naming and Classification | back 51 Taxonomy, Latin - 1735, Carolus Linneaus |
front 52 Effects of Bacteria | back 52 pathogenic(minority), decomposition-decompose our food(minority), benefits to humans(majority) |
front 53 what are the benefits of bacteria | back 53 recyclers, bioremediation, genetic engineering |
front 54 Normal Microbiota | back 54 "flora" microorganisms living on or in the body that are not pathogenic |
front 55 Infectious Disease | back 55 a pathogen has to invade a host |
front 56 what is the leading cause of death worldwide? | back 56 Infectious disease. Malaria |
front 57 what are the qualifications of an infectious disease | back 57 recent, newly discovered organism or changed, increasing in numbers |
front 58 Name some Infectious Diseases | back 58 HIV/AIDS, SARS, Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (human form Cruetzfeld Jacob's Disease, Cryptosporidium, E. Coli, H5N1 (bird flu), H1N1, H3N2 |
front 59 What is Herd Immunity | back 59 if 95% of the community is vaccinated that means that the other 5% are protected against a disease. |
front 60 What is the best resolution we can get with a Light Microscope? | back 60 0.2 micrometre |
front 61 Refractive Index | back 61 the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium. |
front 62 What is Darkfield Microscopy | back 62 Negative Image- cover up the condenser with an opaque disk |
front 63 What is Phase Contrast Microscopy | back 63 2 distinct light sources, increase in resolution, visualize internal structure |
front 64 What is Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) | back 64 2 light sources, each pass through a prism, color, 3 dimensional imaging |
front 65 Electron Microscope | back 65 use electron beams, use electromagnets |
front 66 Transmission Electron Microscope | back 66 resolution 2.5 nm, 100,000 magnification |
front 67 Scanning Electron Microscope | back 67 20 nm resolution, 10,000 mag, surface anatomy |
front 68 what is the purpose of staining the bacteria | back 68 increases the contrast |
front 69 basic dyes are and include | back 69 positive ions (Cation) Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue, Safranin, Malachite Green |
front 70 acid dyes are and include | back 70 Negative ions (anion) Congo Red, Nigrosin |
front 71 bacteria have a pH of | back 71 7.0 |
front 72 what type of charge is the glass | back 72 positively charged |
front 73 purpose of heat fixing a smear | back 73 kills bacteria, bacteria adheres to slide better |
front 74 what is the purpose of a simple stain | back 74 it's used for shape and arrangements |
front 75 Dyes used for simple stain | back 75 Methylene Blue 1 min. |
front 76 in a gram stain the bacteria must be how old | back 76 18-24 hours |
front 77 Dyes used for gram stain | back 77 Crystal Violet- 1 min Gram's Iodine- 30 sec. Acetone Alcohol-5 sec. Safranin- 1 min. |
front 78 purple stained bacteria mean | back 78 gram positive |
front 79 pink stained bacteria mean | back 79 gram negative |
front 80 Dyes used for Acid-Fast stain | back 80 carbofushion- 5 min. Acid Alcohol- 10 sec. Methylene Blue- 1 min. |
front 81 acid fast stain- positive | back 81 red |
front 82 acid fast- negative | back 82 blue |
front 83 Dyes used for negative stain | back 83 drop of nigrosin |
front 84 how old does bacteria have to be in order to do a spore stain | back 84 at least 72 hours old |
front 85 Dyes used for a spore stain | back 85 Malachite green-7 min. Safranin- 1 min. |
front 86 Prokaryotes means | back 86 without a nucleus |
front 87 Prokaryote Dimensions | back 87 0.2-2.0 um |
front 88 Length of Prokaryotes | back 88 2.0-8.0 um |
front 89 shapes of prokaryotes | back 89 rods, coccus, spiral, star, square, tetrads, sarcinae |
front 90 arrangments of prokaryotes | back 90 single, pairs, clusters, chains |
front 91 external cell wall structures | back 91 capsule (Glycocalyx, Slime Layer) mucous coating, neutral in charge and protects the prokaryote from phagocytosis |
front 92 flagella of a prokaryote | back 92 spins on its long axis, like a propellor |
front 93 Monotrichous | back 93 single flagella at the end of a bacterium |
front 94 Lophotrichous | back 94 2 or more flagella at the end of a bacterium |
front 95 Amphitrichous | back 95 2 or more flagella on both sides of the bacterium |
front 96 Peritrichous | back 96 flagella all around the bacterium highly motile ex. PV |
front 97 Fimbrae | back 97 "sticky fingers" allows the bacterium to adhere to a surface, so they can stay in place, anchors them |
front 98 pili | back 98 1-2 per cell, used for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another, "sex pili" |
front 99 axial filaments | back 99 2 flagella that are embedded in the cell wall, they do not extend out of the cell wall, they run parallel to each other, spin on their long axis |
front 100 purpose of a cell wall in a prokaryotes | back 100 prevent rupture maintains cell shape contribute to pathogenicity anchor for external cell structures site of antibiotic action |
front 101 cell wall composition of a prokaryote | back 101 peptidoglycan NAG-NAM |
front 102 cell wall composition of a gram + bacteria | back 102 many layers of peptidoglycan, NAG NAM, being held together by teichoic acid vertically and peptides horizontally |
front 103 cell wall of a gram - bacteria | back 103 few layers of peptidoglycan, no teichoic acids, being held together mostly by phospholipids. cell wall is very thin, few peptidoglycan layers and its sandwiched between the two membranes (outer and inner membrane) |
front 104 cell membrane of a prokaryote | back 104 lacks carbohydrates, can't do phagocytosis |
front 105 cytoplasm of a prokaryote | back 105 80-90% water, lack cytoplasm, no membranous organelles, lack a cytoskeleton |
front 106 Nuclear area of a prokaryote | back 106 bacterial chromosome "nucleoid" single circular double helix of DNA that is physically attached to the inner cell membrane plasmids, 5-100 genes, tiny pieces of DNA ribosomes (rRNA molecule) protein synthesis 70s (P) vs 80s (E) |
front 107 sporulation | back 107 making a spore *only occurs in some gram + bacteria |
front 108 germination | back 108 return to its vegetative state |
front 109 dimensions of a Eukaryote | back 109 diameter 10-100 um |
front 110 flagella of a Eukaryotes | back 110 wave-like motion, like a sperm |
front 111 cell wall of a eukaryotes: animal cells plants and Algae fungi, yeast protozoa | back 111 animal cells, no cell wall plants and algae, cellulose fungi, most NAG polysaccharide, yeast- glunan, manan protozoa atypical cell wall "flexible coating" |
front 112 cell membrane of a eukaryote | back 112 contain carbohydrates, capable of phagocytosis |
front 113 cytopllasm of a eukaryotes | back 113 has a cytoskeleton, has organelles |