front 1 From superficial to deep, put the following meninges and their related spaces in the correct order | back 1 Dura Mater Subdural space arachnoid mater subarachnoid space pia mater |
front 2 The space that lies between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae, and houses areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue is the ___________ space | back 2 Epidural |
front 3 The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the? | back 3 conus medullaris |
front 4 This structure marks the official “end” of the spinal cord proper (usually at the level of the?) | back 4 first lumbar vertebrae |
front 5 Inferior to this level, nerve roots collectively called the ________ project _____ from the spinal cord. | back 5 cauda equina; inferiorly |
front 6 Within this “horse’s tail” is the ________. This is a thin strand of ______ that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the ______. | back 6 filum terminale; pia mater; coccyx |
front 7 The most superior part of the spinal cord is the ____________ part. | back 7 Cervical |
front 8 Serves as a communication route between left and right sides | back 8 Gray commissure |
front 9 House cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons | back 9 Lateral horns |
front 10 House cell bodies of somatic motor neurons | back 10 Anterior horns |
front 11 House axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons | back 11 Posterior horns |
front 12 Anterior Rami | back 12 -Larger -Innervates Limbs -Innervate Anterior and Lateral portions of the trunk -Form plexuses |
front 13 Posterior Rami | back 13 -Smaller -Innervates deep muscles of the back -Innervates skin of the back |
front 14 The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a ___________. | back 14 Dermatome |
front 15 Put the following events that occur in a reflex arc in the correct order. | back 15 -A sensory receptor detects a stimulus -A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve to the spinal cord -The sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron -The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron -The motor neuron conducts action potentials through the anterior root and spinal nerve to an effector organ |
front 16 The simplest reflex; muscles contract in response to a stretch Prevents contracting muscles from applying tension to tendons Golgi tendon reflex Removes a body part from a painful stimulus Response to a withdrawal reflex; causes extension of the opposite limb Crossed-extensor reflex | back 16 -Stretch reflex -Golgi tendon reflex -Withdrawal reflex -Crossed-extensor reflex |
front 17 Stepping on a piece of glass with the left foot will result in extension of the right leg to help maintain balance. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reflex. | back 17 contralateral |
front 18 Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system? | back 18 interneuron |
front 19 Somatic Nervous System | back 19 -Voluntary Control -Stimulates Skeletal muscle fibers -one lower motor neuron |
front 20 Autonomic Nervous System | back 20 -involuntary control -two lower motor neurons -innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle |
front 21 Preganglionic axons are myelinated; postganglionic axons are
unmyelinated ... | back 21 -Autonomic nervous system -Somatic motor nervous system -Autonomic nervous system -Somatic motor nervous system -Somatic motor nervous system -Autonomic nervous system |
front 22 The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located | back 22 in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments. |
front 23 Parasympathetic | back 23 -Digesting -Defecation -Diuresis |
front 24 Sympathetic | back 24 -Running -Stress -Excitement -Fight or Flight system |
front 25 The pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed from branches of preganglionic parasympathetic axons housed within the ______ of the ____ spinal cord segments. | back 25 lateral gray regions; S2-S4 |
front 26 The pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate most of the | back 26 reproductive organs |
front 27 One digestive organ innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerve is the | back 27 large intestine |
front 28 Which of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation? | back 28 -Epinephrine -Norepinephrine |
front 29 White Rami | back 29 -carry preganglionic sympathetic axons -Associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves -Similar to "entrance ramps" -Myelinated |
front 30 Gray Rami | back 30 -Carry postganglionic sympathetic axons -connect to all spinal nerves -similar to "exit ramps" from a highway -Unmyelinated |
front 31 The _____ are anterior to the vertebral column on the anterolateral surface of the aorta. | back 31 prevertebral ganglia |
front 32 The paravertebral ganglia are also known as the | back 32 sympathetic trunk ganglia |
front 33 These connect to form the left and right ___, which are anterior to the spinal nerves. | back 33 sympathetic trunks |
front 34 If the neuron secretes acetylcholine, it is a(n) __________neuron. If the neuron secretes epinephrine, it is a(n) __________ neuron. | back 34 cholinergic; adrenergic |
front 35 Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from____. If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it's called ___ If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it's called cooperative innervation. Since the parasympathetic division causes ____ and the sympathetic division causes _____, this is an example of antagonistic innervation. | back 35 -both division(s) of the ANS -antagonistic innervation. -cooperative innervation -bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation |
front 36 What systems are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system? | back 36 -Most blood vessels -Sweat glands in the trunk -Arrector pili muscles in the skin |
front 37 Autonomic reflexes enable the ANS to control what kinds of visceral functions? | back 37 -Smooth muscle contractions -Secretion by glands -Cardiac muscle contractions |
front 38 Modality | back 38 the brain assumes that a signal from the olfactory epithelium must be for smell |
front 39 Location | back 39 -Receptive field -Concentration of receptors in a given area of skin |
front 40 Intensity | back 40 -Firing frequency of sensory nerve fibers -Number of nerve fibers firing -Volume of sound -Only the most sensitive receptors are stimulated by weak stimuli |
front 41 Duration | back 41 -Changes in the firing frequency of sensory nerve impulses over time -Tonic receptors |
front 42 Large Receptive Field | back 42 -Detects general region of stimulus only -Higher energy costs |
front 43 Small Receptive Field | back 43 -Greater specificity of location -More efficient use of surface area -Lower energy cost |
front 44 Tonic | back 44 -Respond continuously -Sensitivity remains constant -Nociceptors continuously detecting pain -Inner ear cells detecting head position |
front 45 Phasic | back 45 -Respond to change -Sensitivity decreases over time -Skin receptors detecting clothing -Thermoreceptors adjusting to ambient temperature |
front 46 Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly? | back 46 Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons. |
front 47 Thoracic vertebrae | back 47 -Twelve vertebrae that articulate with ribs -Costal facets articulate with ribs -Rotation |
front 48 Cervical vertebrae | back 48 -Seven vertebrae in the neck -Contain transverse foramina -Flexion & Lateral Bending |
front 49 Lumbar vertebrae | back 49 -Five vertebrae in the low back -Largest vertebrae -Flexion & Lateral Bending |
front 50 Sacrum | back 50 Five fused vertebrae |
front 51 Coccyx | back 51 Four vertebrae comprising the "tailbone" |
front 52 In which of the following regions does the spine form a lordosis? | back 52 -Cervical -Lumbar |
front 53 The jelly-like substance that fills the middle of the intervertebral discs is called the ______. | back 53 nucleus pulposus |
front 54 Costal groove | back 54 Marks the path of nerves and vessels |
front 55 Head of Rib | back 55 Articulates with vertebral bodies |
front 56 Tubercle | back 56 Articulates with transverse costal facet |
front 57 Angle | back 57 Where the shaft begins curving toward the sternum |
front 58 Which of the following muscles is epaxial? | back 58 Erector spinae |
front 59 What are the bilateral actions of the erector spinae muscles? | back 59 -Maintain posture -Extend the vertebral column |
front 60 Which are the muscles that elevate the ribs during inhalation? | back 60 -Serratus posterior superior -External intercostals |
front 61 The internally placed, dome-shaped muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the _____. | back 61 Diaphragm |
front 62 Severing the posterior ramus of a spinal nerve may result in | back 62 losing feeling from the skin of the back. |
front 63 Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called | back 63 true ribs. |
front 64 From superficial to deep, place the muscles of the abdominal wall in the correct order. | back 64 -External oblique -Internal oblique -Transversus abdominis |
front 65 Which of the following muscle aponeuroses contribute to the posterior rectus sheath ABOVE the arcuate line? | back 65 -Internal Abdominal Oblique -Transversus Abdominus |
front 66 The abdominal wall muscle that forms the inguinal ligament is the | back 66 external oblique. |
front 67 Direct Inguinal hernia | back 67 passes through medial to deep inguinal ring |
front 68 Femoral inguinal hernia | back 68 passes through inferior to the inguinal ligament |
front 69 Indirect inguinal hernia | back 69 passes through the deep inguinal ring |
front 70 The hip bones include | back 70 the ilium, the ischium, and pubis. |
front 71 Female Pelvis | back 71 -shallow lesser pelvis -coccyx moveable and tilted posteriorly -wide sacrum -wide greater sciatic notch |
front 72 Male Pelvis | back 72 -Pubic Arch less than 90 degrees -heart shaped pelvic inlet -narrow false pelvis -round obturator foramen |
front 73 If you palpate the bony projection on the lateral side of your wrist, just proximal to the thumb, what part of the radius are you feeling? | back 73 Styloid process |
front 74 Which of the following features is the most proximal feature of the ulna? | back 74 Olecranon |
front 75 The cords of the brachial plexus are named by their location with respect to the | back 75 axillary artery. |
front 76 Which ligaments are associated with the glenohumeral joint? | back 76 -Coracoacromial ligament -Coracohumeral ligament -Glenohumeral ligament |
front 77 The glenohumeral joint exhibits | back 77 a low level of stability but a wide range of motion. |
front 78 A shoulder separation involves the rupture of the ________ joint | back 78 acromioclavicular |
front 79 Check all of the muscles that flex the arm at the glenohumeral joint. | back 79 -Pectoralis major -Deltoid (anterior fibers) -Coracobrachialis -Biceps brachii (long head) |
front 80 Which of the following muscles are considered rotator cuff muscles? | back 80 -Supraspinatus -Teres minor -Subscapularis -Infraspinatus |
front 81 After an injury, a patient has difficulty contracting his deltoid muscle. This indicates possible damage to the ___________ nerve. | back 81 axillary |
front 82 One of the weakest parts of the shoulder is the part that lacks tendons of the rotator cuff. This weak area is the ______ aspect of the shoulder. | back 82 inferior |
front 83 Head of radius | back 83 articulates with the capitulum of the humerus |
front 84 Glenoid fossa of scapula | back 84 articulates with the head of the humerus |
front 85 Trochlear notch of ulna | back 85 articulates with the trochlea of the humerus |
front 86 Olecranon of ulna | back 86 articulates with olecranon fossa of the humerus |
front 87 Which ligament is responsible for holding the head of the radius in place? | back 87 Anular ligament |
front 88 The main ligament supporting the lateral aspect of the elbow is the | back 88 radial collateral ligament. |
front 89 When the radius and ulna appear crossed, the forearm is said to be in a __________________ position. | back 89 pronated |
front 90 Nursemaid's Elbow is the name of the condition that occurs when what happens? | back 90 The radial head is disarticulated |
front 91 Which muscles are innervated by the radial nerve? | back 91 -Triceps brachii -Anconeus -Supinator |
front 92 Which of the following structures can be found in the cubital fossa? | back 92 -Brachial Artery -Median Nerve -Biceps brachii Tendon |
front 93 The metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints are considered to be what class of synovial joint? | back 93 Condyloid |
front 94 Many of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm work to _______ the wrist, and they have their origin on the _______ epicondyle of the humerus. | back 94 flex, medial |
front 95 What are muscles that function to abduct the hand at the wrist. | back 95 -Extensor carpi radialis brevis -Extensor carpi radialis longus -Flexor carpi radialis |
front 96 Extension of the interphalangeal joints | back 96 Lumbricals |
front 97 The Lumbricals insert on which of the following tendons? | back 97 Extensor digitorum communis |
front 98 The ligament that forms the roof of the carpal tunnel is called the _____ ______ ligament. | back 98 transverse carpal |
front 99 Injury of the motor recurrent branch of the Median nerve can cause which of the following symptoms? | back 99 thenar wasting |
front 100 Axillary Nerve innervation | back 100 -Deltiod -Teres Minor |
front 101 Median Nerve innervation | back 101 -Thenar Muscles |
front 102 Radial Nerve innervation | back 102 -Triceps brachii -brachioradialis |
front 103 Ulnar Nerve innervation | back 103 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris |
front 104 Musculocutaneous Nerve innervation | back 104 -Biceps brachii -Brachialis |
front 105 Hand of Benediction (inability to flex first two fingers) | back 105 Median injury in the cubital fossa |
front 106 Wrist drop (unable to extend wrist) | back 106 Radial nerve in the axilla |
front 107 Erb palsy/Waiter's tip sign | back 107 Superior trunk of the brachial plexus |
front 108 Parasthesia on medial side of the hand | back 108 Ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel |