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Chapter 13 ppt (Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles)

front 1

Genes are the units of __________ which make up our segments of _____

back 1

hereditary, DNA

front 2

Sequences of _______ make up genetic information

back 2

nucleotides

front 3

In plants and animals, gametes (egg or sperm) transmit genes from ______ to ______

back 3

parent, offspring

front 4

DNA is subdivided into ________ in _______

back 4

chromosomes, nucleus

front 5

Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their______

back 5

own kind

front 6

cats produce

back 6

cats

front 7

maple trees produce

back 7

maple trees

front 8

Heredity is the _____ of traits from one _____ to the next

back 8

transmission, generation

front 9

generation=

back 9

inheritance

front 10

Variation: shows that _____ differ somewhat in appearance from ______ and _____

back 10

offspring, parents, siblings

front 11

Variation: shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings even though they inherit ______

back 11

similar traits

front 12

Genetics: the scientific study of ___ and ___

back 12

heredity, hereditary variation

front 13

Chromosome contains a single long _______ w/ ______

back 13

DNA molecule coiled, various proteins

front 14

One chromosome has ___ of genes each of which has a specific sequence of _____

back 14

thousands, nucleotides

front 15

Each gene in an organism’s DNA has a specific ____ on a certain chromosome

back 15

locus

front 16

Locus: area on the ___ where a specific gene is located

back 16

chromosome

front 17

We inherit one set of chromosomes from our ___and one set from our ___

back 17

mother, father

front 18

In humans: __ chromosomes in somatic cells

back 18

46

front 19

In asexual reproduction, one __ produces ______ offspring by _____

back 19

parent, genetically identical, mitosis

front 20

Clone: group of ______ individuals produced by _____ parents

back 20

genetically identical, asexually reproducing

front 21

In sexual reproduction, two __ give rise to offspring that have _____ of genes inherited from the __parents

back 21

parents, unique combinations, 2

front 22

siblings can be __ but not __

back 22

similar, identical

front 23

Siblings vary ______ from each other and parents

back 23

genetically

front 24

____ and ___is alternate in sexual life cycles

back 24

fertilization, meiosis

front 25

A life cycle is the __________ of stages in the ____ of an organism (in this case humans)

back 25

generation-to-generation sequence, reproductive history

front 26

In humans each somatic cell (body cell) has __ chromosomes, made up of __sets

back 26

46, 2

front 27

_____ pairs of chromosomes

back 27

23

front 28

__ set of chromosomes comes from each parent

back 28

1

front 29

A karyotype is a ________ of the ___ in a __

back 29

ordered visual representation, chromosomes , cell

front 30

a karyotype represents _______ or _____

back 30

homologous chromosomes, homologs

front 31

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) Are the_____ composing a ____

back 31

2 chromosomes, pair

front 32

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) have the same ____ (length, centromere position, and staining pattern)

back 32

characteristics

front 33

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) each pair of chromosomes carry ____, _____, the____ inherited characteristics

back 33

genes, controlling same

front 34

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) may have different __ of those___

back 34

variations, characteristics

front 35

First 22 pairs of homologs are called ____

back 35

autosomes

front 36

Sex chromosomes Are ___ from each other in their characteristics

back 36

distinct

front 37

Sex chromosomes Are represented as ___ and ___

back 37

X,Y

front 38

Sex chromosomes determine the ___ of the individual

back 38

sex

front 39

Number of chromosomes in a single set is represented by ___

back 39

n

front 40

A diploid cell has the ___ set of______ chromosomes

back 40

complete, all homologous

front 41

a human has 46 chromosomes express in diploid equation:

back 41

(2n = 46)

front 42

haploid cell is represent as

back 42

n

front 43

a diploid cell is represented as

back 43

2n

front 44

One set of 23 from____ and one set of 23 from _____

back 44

mom, dad

front 45

Somatic cells are

back 45

diploid cells

front 46

In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred all the chromosomes are _____ and thus each consists of ________

back 46

duplicated, two identical sister chromatids

front 47

Gametes, sperm and egg cells, are ___ cells containing only ___ set of chromosomes

back 47

haploid, 1

front 48

22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome =

back 48

23 chromosomes

front 49

Unfertilized eggs only contain an __ chromosome

back 49

X

front 50

a sperm cell can contain an __ or a ___ chromosome

back 50

X, Y

front 51

When fertilization occurs, a ____ cell is formed and the offspring gets one set of chromosomes from the ___ and one from the ____

back 51

diploid, father, mother

front 52

At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes (gonads) produce ____ gametes by ____ in special cells called ____ cells

back 52

haploid, meiosis, germ

front 53

Meiosis: cell division that ___ the number of sets of chromosomes from ___ to __ in the gametes

back 53

reduces. 2, 1

front 54

During fertilization these gametes, sperm and ovum (egg), ___, forming a _____

back 54

fuse, diploid zygote

front 55

The zygote develops into an ____ by _____

back 55

adult organism, mitosis

front 56

The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in the timing of ___ and ____ according to the spp.

back 56

meiosis, fertilization

front 57

The three main types of sexual life cycles share one thing in common:

back 57

genetic variation

front 58

In animals ____ occurs during gamete formation

back 58

meiosis

front 59

In animals gametes are the only ____ cells

back 59

haploid

front 60

Plants and some algae exhibit an :

back 60

alternation of generations

front 61

Plants and some algae's life cycle includes both ( ) and ( ) ( ) stages

back 61

diploid, haploid, multicellular

front 62

In Plants and some algae the diploid stage is called the ( ) and haploid called spore and gametophyte

back 62

sporophyte

front 63

In Plants and some algae the haploid stage is called the ( ) and ( )

back 63

spore,gametophyte

front 64

In most fungi and some protists meiosis produces ___ cells that give rise to a haploid _____ adult organism

back 64

haploid, multicellular

front 65

In most fungi and some protists the haploid adult carries out _____, producing cells that will become _____

back 65

mitosis, gametes

front 66

Depending on the type of life cycle, either ____ or ____ cells can divide by _____

back 66

haploid, diploid, mitosis

front 67

However, only ____ can undergo _____

back 67

diploid, meisosis

front 68

In all three life cycles the ____ and _____ of chromosomes contribute to ______ in offspring

back 68

halving, doubling, genetic variation

front 69

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from _____ to ____

back 69

diploid, haploid

front 70

Even though meiosis reduced the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid they still have ____ before meiosis

back 70

interphase

front 71

Meiosis takes place in how many numbers of sets of cell division

back 71

2

front 72

What are the names of the 2 sets of cell divisions in meiosis

back 72

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

front 73

Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells with ___ the number of chromosomes than the ____ cell

back 73

4, half, parent

front 74

Meiosis 1 reduces the number of chromosomes from ____ to _____

back 74

diploid, haploid

front 75

Meiosis 1 contains what stages (4)

back 75

prophase 1

metaphase 1

anaphase 1

telophase 1

front 76

Meiosis 2 produces ___, ___ daughter cells

back 76

4, haploid

front 77

Meiosis 2 contains what stages (4)

back 77

prophase 2

metaphase2

anaphase 2

telophase 2

front 78

In early prophase 1 each chromosome pairs with its __

back 78

homolog

front 79

In early prophase 1 what occurs

back 79

crossing over

front 80

What are x-shaped regions called

back 80

chiasmata

front 81

chiasmata are sites of

back 81

crossovers

front 82

In metaphase 1 pairs of homologs line up at the ______ with ___ chromosome facing each pole

back 82

metaphase plate, 1

front 83

Microtubules from one pole are attached to the ____ of one chromosome of each pair and same goes for the other pole.

back 83

kinetochore

front 84

In anaphase 1 pairs of homologous chromosomes _____

back 84

separate

front 85

In anaphase 1, 1 chromosome of each pair moves toward opposite poles guided by the ______

back 85

spindle apparatus

front 86

In anaphase 1 sister chromatids remain ____ at the ______ and move as 1 unit towards the ____

back 86

attached, centromere, pole

front 87

In the beginning of telophase 1 each half of the cell has a ___ set of chromosomes

back 87

haploid

front 88

Each chromosome consists of _____

back 88

2 sister chromatids

front 89

Cytokinesis usually occurs _____ forming _____

back 89

simultaneously, 2 haploid daughter cells

front 90

In animal cells a __________ forms

back 90

cleavage furrow

front 91

In plant cells a ______ forms

back 91

cell plate

front 92

No chromosomal replication occurs between the end of ____ and the beginning of _____ because the chromosomes are already replicated

back 92

meiosis 1 , meiosis 2

front 93

In prophase 2 , a _____ forms

back 93

spindle apparatus

front 94

In late prophase 2, chromosomes move towards the _____

back 94

metaphase plate

front 95

In metaphase 2 the sister chromatids are arranged at the ____

back 95

metaphase plate

front 96

Because of crossing over in meiosis 1 the 2 sister chromatids of each chromosome are no longer _____

back 96

genetically identical

front 97

In metaphase 2 the kinetochore of sister chromatids attach to _____ extending from _____ poles

back 97

microtubules, opposite

front 98

In anaphase 2, the sister chromatids

back 98

separate

front 99

In anaphase 2 the sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as 2 _____ chromosomes toward ______ poles

back 99

newly individual, opposite

front 100

In telophase 2 , the chromosomes arrive at _____ poles

back 100

opposite

front 101

In telophase 2 _____ forms

back 101

nuclei

front 102

In telophase 2 the chromosomes begin _____

back 102

decondensing

front 103

Cytokinesis separates the

back 103

cytoplasm

front 104

at the end of meiosis, there are __ daughter cells, each with a haploid set of ______ chromosomes

back 104

4, unreplicated

front 105

Each daughter cell is _______ from the others and from the parent cell

back 105

genetically different

front 106

replicated homologs pair up and become connected by a zipper-like protein structure known as the

back 106

synaptonemal complex

front 107

replicated homologs pair up and become connected by a zipper-like protein structure (synaptonemal complex) this process is known as

back 107

synapsis

front 108

Meiosis and mitosis can be distinguished from mitosis by __ events in Meiosis 1

back 108

3

front 109

The process of synapsis dissembles expect for one area called the

back 109

chiasma

front 110

The process of synapsis dissembles expect for one area (the chiasmata) where ____ occurs

back 110

crossing over

front 111

crossing over occurs: genetic rearrangement between _____

back 111

nonsister chromatids

front 112

each tetrad contains a

back 112

chiasma

front 113

a tetrad is ____ chromatids of ______ pair

back 113

4, homologous

front 114

at metaphase 1 of meiosis paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the _____

back 114

metaphase plates

front 115

at metaphase 1 of meiosis paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the metaphase plates rather than _________ chromosomes

back 115

individual replicated

front 116

at anaphase 1 of meiosis homologous pairs move toward _____ poles of the cell

back 116

opposite

front 117

At anaphase 1 of meiosis cohesins are ___ along chromosome arms to separate _____

back 117

cleaved, homologs

front 118

In anaphase 2 of meiosis the sister chromatids____

back 118

separate

front 119

In anaphase 2 of meiosis cohesins are ___ at the ___ to separate ____

back 119

cleaved, centromere, sister chromatids

front 120

Genetic variation contributes to

back 120

evolution

front 121

Reshuffling of genetic material in meiosis produces

back 121

genetic variation

front 122

Reshuffling of genetic material in meiosis produces genetic variation because it creates different ______ of genes

back 122

versions

front 123

Originally due to mutations: change in the DNA sequence to cause different versions of genes are called

back 123

alleles

front 124

Is eye color a gene or allele

back 124

gene

front 125

Is blue vs. brown eye color a gene or allele?

back 125

allele

front 126

In species that produce sexually the behavior of chromosomes during ____ and ____ are responsible for most of the variation that arises each generation

back 126

meiosis , fertilization

front 127

How many mechanisms are there that contribute to genetic variation

back 127

3

front 128

What are the 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation

back 128

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Crossing over

Random fertilization

front 129

homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at _____ of _____

back 129

metaphase 1, meiosis 1

front 130

Within homologous pairs of chromosomes each pair may orient with either the ___ or ____ homolog independently of other pairs

back 130

maternal, paternal

front 131

In humans, there are more than ____ million possible combinations of chromosomes

back 131

8

front 132

Crossing over produces _____ chromosomes that carry ____ derived from 2 _____

back 132

recombinant, genes, different parents

front 133

In humans, average of ___-____ crossover events occurs per chromosome

back 133

1-3

front 134

The fusion of gametes will produce a ____ with any of about ____ trillion diploid combinations

back 134

zygote, 70

front 135

With the fusion of gametes you don't know which ___ will fertilize which ___

back 135

sperm, ovum

front 136

Mutations are the _____ source of _______

back 136

original, genetic variation

front 137

Sexual reproduction produces new ___ of ____ genes adding more ____

back 137

combinations, variant, genetic diversity