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Chapter 12 PPT (The Cell Cycle)

front 1

Overview : The Key Roles of Cell Division

Always produce____

back 1

the same or identical cells

front 2

Overview : The Key Roles of Cell Division

Go with Cell Theory saying that all cells come from _____

back 2

pre-existing cells

front 3

The Key Role of Cell Division is the ______ of __________.

back 3

continuity of life

front 4

The continuity of life is based upon the _____ of cells, or ______

back 4

reproduction, cell division

front 5

Asexual reproduction has almost no ____

back 5

genetic variation

front 6

Unicellular organisms reproduce by

back 6

cell division

front 7

Unicellular Organisms use ______ for reproduction of ______ from_____

back 7

mitosis, same exact, beginning

front 8

multi=

back 8

many

front 9

Multicellular Organisms depend on cell division for what 3 things

back 9

1) development from a fertilize cell

2) Growth

3) Repair

front 10

Uni=

back 10

1

front 11

Multicellular organisms uses

back 11

mitosis

front 12

The cell division process is an _____ of the cell cycle

back 12

integral part

front 13

life of the cell from the time it's first formed from a _____ until its ____into ____ cells.

back 13

dividing parent cell, own division, 2

front 14

The cell division process cell _____ -> cell ______

back 14

created, divides

front 15

The life cycle of cell is the cell till it ______

back 15

dies off

front 16

Most cell division will produce genetically identical _______ cells

back 16

daughter

front 17

Meiosis exception:

_________ cells

back 17

nonidentical

front 18

Cells duplicate their genetic material regardless if ____ or _____

back 18

mitosis, meiosis

front 19

Before they divide, ensuring that each ____ cell receives an exact copy of the _____, ______

back 19

daughter, genetic material , DNA

front 20

"mitosis" is the type of cell division, keeping the # of chromosomes ______.

back 20

constant

front 21

In mitosis the normal human # of chromosomes are ____ and the normal # of pairs are ______

back 21

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

front 22

" Meiosis" is the type of cell division that reduces the # of chromosomes in ______

back 22

half

front 23

What happens before meiosis or mitosis?

back 23

Duplication of DNA

front 24

What is the similarity between chromatin vs. chromosomes

back 24

DNA with proteins are attached

front 25

What is the difference between chromatin vs. chromosomes

back 25

where they are in the cell cycle

front 26

Chromatin during cell cycle where cell is ______ dividing

back 26

NOT

front 27

Chromosomes where cell ____ dividing

back 27

is

front 28

What is all of the genetic material in a cell known as

back 28

genome

front 29

Genetic material on chromosomes make them ______

back 29

unique

front 30

Somatic cells are equal to the complete number of ____

back 30

chromosomes

front 31

Mitosis is responsible for

back 31

somatic cells

front 32

meiosis is responsible

back 32

gametes in humans

front 33

The DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into ______

back 33

chromosomes

front 34

What does human somatic cells entail

back 34

body cells except reproductive cells

front 35

Human somatic cells each contain ____ chromosomes

back 35

46

front 36

Human somatic cells each have 1 set inherited from each _____

back 36

parent

front 37

Reproductive cells or gametes are also known as

back 37

egg or sperm

front 38

Each reproductive cell or gametes contain ____ the # of chromosomes

back 38

half

front 39

Reproductive cells or gametes contain 1 set of _____ chromosomes

back 39

23

front 40

Is chromatin thin or thick

back 40

thin

front 41

Is chromosomes thin or thick

back 41

thick

front 42

Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of

back 42

chromatin

front 43

Chromatin is a complex of _____ DNA molecule, that carries _____ of genes on it.

back 43

1 long linear , hundreds

front 44

What does DNA code for

back 44

proteins and RNA molecules

front 45

Genes are units that ____ an organisms ____ traits

back 45

specify, inherited

front 46

______ proteins maintain the structure of the ______ and help control the activity of the _____

back 46

associated, chromosomes, genes

front 47

Right before replication, each chromosome will be the structure of a ______, _______

back 47

long, thin chromatin fiber

front 48

In preparation for cell division ____ is replicated and the chromosomes _____ they become ______, making them______

back 48

DNA, Condense/thicken, , coiled and folded , shorter

front 49

Each duplicated chromosome has ____ sister chromatids, which separate during _______

back 49

2, cell division

front 50

Each chromatid is __________to the other

back 50

genetically identical

front 51

The chromatids are held together in the "middle" by a ______ and ______

back 51

centromere, cohesins

front 52

What are cohesins

back 52

adhesive proteins

front 53

The centromere is a

back 53

thick protein

front 54

Eukaryotic cell division consists of what 3 things

back 54

mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis

front 55

What is the division of the nucleus known as

back 55

mitosis

front 56

What is the division of the cytosol known as

back 56

cytokinesis

front 57

In mitosis : the division of the nucleus to form ___, _______, daughter cells to each other and the parent cell

back 57

2, genetically identical

front 58

In meiosis what are produced

back 58

sex cells

front 59

In meiosis sex cells are produced only with

back 59

1 set of chromosomes

front 60

Where does meiosis occur

back 60

the gonads

front 61

What are the gonads

back 61

ovaries and testes

front 62

What are ovaries the production of

back 62

egg

front 63

What are testes the production of

back 63

sperm

front 64

_________, fuses ____, gametes together and restores the chromosome number to ___

back 64

fertilization, 2, 46

front 65

The cell cycle consists of what two phases

back 65

interphase and the mitotic phase

front 66

Mitosis in the cell cycle is the ______ part

back 66

shortest

front 67

mitosis in the cell cycle consists of what 2 things

back 67

mitosis and cytokinesis

front 68

Interphase accounts for _____% of time within the cell cycle

back 68

90

front 69

Interphase accounts for when the cell _____, and _____ to chromosomes

back 69

grows and copies

front 70

Interphase can be divided into

back 70

subphases

front 71

What are interphases 3 subphases called

back 71

G1, S, G2

front 72

The G1 phase is known as

back 72

the first gap

front 73

In the G1 phase, the cell _____ and produces ______ & _______

back 73

grows, proteins, organelles

front 74

The G1 phase goes through_______ processes

back 74

metabolic

front 75

Depending on the cell how many hours does the G1 phase take

back 75

5-6 hours

front 76

The S phase is known as

back 76

synthesis

front 77

The S phase is committed to ______

back 77

cell division

front 78

Why is the S phase committed to cell division

back 78

because DNA replication occurs

front 79

The S phase takes how many hours?

back 79

10-12 hours

front 80

The G2 phase is known as

back 80

the second gap

front 81

The G2 phase is where ____________ for cell division happens

back 81

complete preparation

front 82

In the G2 phase the cell enters the ______ stage

back 82

mitotic

front 83

The G2 phase takes how many hours

back 83

4-6 hours

front 84

How many hours does the mitotic phase take

back 84

1 hour

front 85

How many stages are there in mitosis

back 85

5

front 86

What are the 5 stages of mitosis

back 86

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

front 87

What happens after the 5 stages of mitosis occurs

back 87

cytokinesis

front 88

In prophase ______ become ______

back 88

chromatin , chromosomes

front 89

In prophase _________ starts to fragment

back 89

the nuclear envelope

front 90

In prophase __________ start to appear

back 90

Centrosomes (Spindle fibers)-> mitotic spindle

front 91

In prophase 1 centrosome is located at ____ pole and the 1 other centrosome is located at _____ pole

back 91

north, south

front 92

In prophase with the 2 centrosomes located at north and south pole they extend 1 _____ to the next

back 92

centrosome

front 93

Asters come off of

back 93

centrosomes

front 94

Asters are also known as

back 94

microtubules

front 95

The aster on the north pole and the aster of the south pole attach to the ______

back 95

cell membrane

front 96

What is the purpose of the aster on the north pole and the aster of the south pole attaching to the cell membrane

back 96

to keep stability during the process

front 97

The kinetochore connects ________ to ______

back 97

sister chromatids, spindle fibers

front 98

In metaphase sister chromatids are found on their _____ spindle fiber

back 98

OWN

front 99

In metaphase the sister chromatids _________ at the very ________ of the cell

back 99

line up, middle

front 100

In metaphase the very middle of the cell is known as the

back 100

metaphase plate

front 101

Metaphase is the _____ stage

back 101

longest

front 102

Why is metaphase the longest stage

back 102

to make sure everything is correct

front 103

In anaphase ________ split

back 103

sister chromatids

front 104

Anaphase is the ______ stage

back 104

fastest

front 105

In anaphase chromatids ______ toward the oposite poles causing the cell to ____

back 105

pull apart, elongate

front 106

______ & _______ start at the same time in mitosis

back 106

telophase , cytokinesis

front 107

In telophase ____________ start to form

back 107

2 daughter nuclei

front 108

In telophase ______ arises with _______

back 108

nuclear envelope, ER

front 109

In telophase _______ become less condensed

back 109

chromosomes

front 110

microtubules are known to used in

back 110

the cytoskeleton

front 111

The mitotic spindle is an ________ of microtubules and associated ______

back 111

apparatus, proteins

front 112

The mitotic spindle controls __________ movement during mitosis

back 112

chromosome

front 113

The spindle arises from the

back 113

centrosomes

front 114

Centrosomes are ____________ that function throughout the cell cycle

back 114

nonmembraneous organelle

front 115

The centrosomes purpose is to ________ the cell's ______

back 115

organize, microtubule

front 116

The centrosomes include _________ &_____________

back 116

spindle microtubules, asters

front 117

In animals they contain a pair of _______ in the __________

back 117

centrioles, center

front 118

Centrioles complete function is ___

back 118

unknown

front 119

why are centrioles complete function unknown

back 119

since spindle fibers are still formed when absent such as in plants

front 120

Kinetochore microtubules attach to the ________ of chromosomes

back 120

kinetochores

front 121

The Kinetochore microtubules move the _______ to the __________

back 121

chromosome, metaphase plate

front 122

The kinetochore is a structure of ___________associated with _________of ____________ at the ___________

back 122

proteins, specific sections, chromosomal DNA, centromere

front 123

In anaphase sister chromatids separate by _______ splitting the ______ that hold the chromatid together

back 123

enzymes, cohesins

front 124

In anaphase sister chromatids separate by enzymes splitting the cohesins that hold the chromatid together is known as

back 124

separase

front 125

Separase move along the _______ toward the opposite ends of the cell

back 125

kinetochore microtubules

front 126

______ proteins bring in the _______ by the ________ mechanism

back 126

motor, microtubules, pac-man

front 127

The pac-man mechanism is where you are having motor proteins at the kinetochores _________ the microtubules in direction of the ________ causing the _____ to move to opposite poles

back 127

breaking down, centrosomes, chromatids

front 128

The nonkinetochore microtubules ______ and __________ each other causing the ________ of the cell

back 128

overlap, push against, elongation

front 129

In telophase genetically identical daughter nuclei form at _______ of the cell

back 129

opposite ends

front 130

In telophase the spindle _____

back 130

dissembles

front 131

In animal cells cytokinesis occurs by a process known as

back 131

cleavage

front 132

cleavage is the forming of a __________

back 132

cleavage furrow

front 133

In animal cells ________ and _________ contract creating the ________ until 2 _______ are formed

back 133

actin, myosin, cleavage furrow, daughter cells

front 134

In animal cells the 2 daughter cells are formed near the old _________

back 134

metaphase plate

front 135

In plant cells, during cytokinesis a _____ forms by ______ from the _____.

back 135

cell plate, vesicles, golgi app.

front 136

In plant cells, during cytokinesis a cell plates function is to carry to form a

back 136

material, cell wall

front 137

Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a type of cell division called

back 137

binary fission

front 138

Prokaryotes DNA consists of a _____ molecule w/ associated _____

back 138

circular, proteins

front 139

In prokaryotes the______ chromosome begins to ______at ___ site

back 139

bacterial, replicate, A,

front 140

In prokaryotes the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a site called the origin of replication producing 2 origins

back 140

origin of replication

front 141

In prokaryotes when the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a site ( the origin of replication) it produces _____

back 141

2 origins

front 142

In prokaryotes as replication continues, one ____moves to the ____ pole of the cell and the cell _____

back 142

origin, opposite, elongates

front 143

In prokaryotes when replications complete, the _____ moves ___ and a new _____ is _____

back 143

plasma membrane, inward, cell wall, deposited

front 144

In prokaryotes if it contains a cell wall replication is not complete until ________ are formed

back 144

2 new daughter cells

front 145

In binary fission the_____chromosome _____

back 145

bacterial, replicates

front 146

In binary fission the two ____ chromosomes actively move ____

back 146

daughter, apart

front 147

Concept 12.3: The cell cycle is regulated by a __________system

back 147

molecular control

front 148

The frequency of cell division varies with the

back 148

type of cell

front 149

Skin cells and RBC divide

back 149

often

front 150

nerve cells and muscle cells _____ divide

back 150

never

front 151

The cell cycle differences result from ______ at the_____ level

back 151

regulation, molecular

front 152

Molecules present in the ______ control the progression to ____ and ____ phase

back 152

cytoplasm, S, M

front 153

The Cell Cycle Control System is the______ events of the cell cycle

back 153

sequential

front 154

The events of the cell cycle are directed by a _________ system, w/ _____ like a ____ machine

back 154

distinct cell cycle control,triggers, washing

front 155

The clock has ________ checkpoints where the cell cycle ______ until a _____ signal is received

back 155

specific, stops, go-ahead

front 156

The checkpoints ensure_________ have occurred before continuing

back 156

crucial cellular processes

front 157

What are the three major checkpoints:

back 157

G1, G2, and M

front 158

G1 checkpoint is also known as the

back 158

restriction point

front 159

G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is the most _______

back 159

important

front 160

G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is most imp. because if it receives the go-ahead, it will finish cell division.
If not, it goes into G0 phase

back 160

go-ahead signal, cell division

front 161

In the G1 checkpoint (restriction point) if it does not receive a _______it goes into ____

back 161

go-ahead signal, G0 phase

front 162

The G0 phase is the ____ phase that __ cells and __ cells are in

back 162

non-dividing, nerve, muscle

front 163

In the G0 phase If a cell can______, it can be brought back into the ___ phase

back 163

divide, G1

front 164

Two types of regulatory protein molecules:

back 164

kinases and cyclins

front 165

Kinases are enzymes that ________ or _______ other _______ by ________ them

back 165

activate, inactivate, proteins, phosphorylating

front 166

Some kinases give the go-ahead signal @ ____ and ___ checkpoints

back 166

G1, G2

front 167

Many kinases are present in the _______ in an ______ form

back 167

growing cell, inactive

front 168

for a kinase to be actived, they need a ______ to _____ to it

back 168

cyclin, attach

front 169

Cyclin is a

back 169

protein

front 170

Cyclin occurs in

back 170

cyclically fluctuating concentration

front 171

When cyclin is attached its called ________ or ______

back 171

cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdks

front 172

Cdks rise and fall w/ changes in the ________ of its _______

back 172

concentration, cyclin partners

front 173

MPF is known as

back 173

maturation-promoting factor

front 174

MPF (maturation-promoting factor) is a _______that triggers a cell’s passage past the _____ checkpoint into the ____ phase

back 174

cyclin-Cdk complex, G2, M

front 175

At the G1 checkpoint, animal cells have @ least ______ that operate it

back 175

3 Cdk proteins

front 176

An example of an internal signal is

back 176

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules sending a molecular signal that delays anaphase

front 177

Some external signals are

back 177

growth factors, density-dependent inhibition

front 178

growth factors are ____, _____ by certain cells that ______ other cells to _____

back 178

proteins, released, stimulate, divide

front 179

density-dependent inhibition, in which _____ cells stop _____

back 179

crowded, dividing

front 180

Most animal cells exhibit

back 180

anchorage dependence

front 181

Most animal cells exhibit anchorage dependence, meaning that they must be attached to a _____ in order to divide

back 181

substratum

front 182

Cancer cells do not respond normally to the

back 182

body’s control mechanisms

front 183

Cancer cells divide _______ and _______ other tissues

back 183

excessively, invade

front 184

Cancer cells don’t respond to __________ ,______or when growth factors are ____

back 184

density-dependent inhibition,anchorage dependence,depleted

front 185

Cancer cells may not need growth factors to ____ and _____

back 185

grow, divide

front 186

Cancer cells may make their_______

back 186

own growth factor

front 187

Cancer cells may convey a _______ signal without the presence of the ______

back 187

growth factor’s, growth factor

front 188

Cancer cells may have an abnormal ______

back 188

cell cycle control system

front 189

Cancer cells can be _______

back 189

immortal

front 190

Transformation is the process that converts a ____ cell to a ____ cell
Usually body will attack it but if it doesn’t or the cancerous cell can’t be destroyed, it will produce more and become a tumor

back 190

normal, cancer

front 191

Usually with the transformation process the body will ____ it

back 191

attack

front 192

Usually with the transformation process the body will attack it but if it doesn’t or the cancerous cell can’t be destroyed, it will _______ and become a _____

back 192

produce more , tumor

front 193

A Tumor: is a mass of _____ within ____

back 193

abnormal cells, normal tissue

front 194

If the abnormal cells stay in the original site, it is called a _____ tumor

back 194

benign

front 195

Tumors can be removed by ______

back 195

surgery

front 196

Malignant tumor is where it become ___ and___the function or______ organs

back 196

invasive, impairs, 1 or more

front 197

If a person has a malignant tumor they ____

back 197

have cancer

front 198

A tumor that is localized may be treated w/ ___

back 198

radiation

front 199

A tumor that is localized may be treated w/ radiation because the ____ in cancer cells once ____, _____ itself

back 199

DNA, damaged, can't repair

front 200

________ known to treat tumors

back 200

Chemotherapy

front 201

Side effects due to effect on ____ cells

back 201

normal

front 202

Malignant tumors invade _______ and can _______

back 202

surrounding tissues, metastasizes

front 203

Exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form______ tumors

back 203

secondary