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Viewing:

2-Fluids-Electrolytes,Starling Forces, Acid Base

front 1

What is formed when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate?

back 1

Ions

front 2

What are the functions of Ions

back 2

  • Control osmosis of water between body fluid compartments
  • Help maintain the acid-base balance
  • Carry electrical current
  • Serve as cofactors needed for optimal activity of enzymes

front 3

What is the term “milliequivalent” ( mEq ) used to measure?

back 3

The number of electrical charges (electrolytes) in blood serum and other solutions

front 4

Denoting the number of mEq per liter of solution gives the concentration of _______ or ______ in a given volume of solution

back 4

Anions or cations

front 5

A milliequivalent is ?/1000 of an equivalent?

back 5

1/1000

front 6

What is the mEq of sodium in normal blood plasma?

back 6

136 - 146 mEq/L

front 7

What is the mEq of spotassium in normal blood plasma?

back 7

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

front 8

What determines the osmotic contribution of a substance?

back 8

The number of milliequivalents

front 9

Osmotic forces have a definite influence on movement of _____ between body compartments

back 9

water

front 10

Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins on either side of the capillary membrane to move water

back 10

  • Oncotic pressure
  • Hydrostatic forces also play a part in water movement

front 11

Net movement of fluids is controlled by all forces ____1_____ minus all forces ___2____

back 11

  1. favoring filtration
  2. opposing filtration

front 12

Starling equation

back 12

Compares the forces at the arterial end of a capillary with those at the venous end

  • Forces favoring filtration (2) & Forces favoring reabsorption (2)

front 13

Normally there is nearly as much fluid _________ as there is filtered.

back 13

reabsorbed

front 14

Net pressure at the arterial end of a capillary is ________

back 14

  • Outward at 10 mmHg
  • Fluid leaves the capillary (filtration)

front 15

Net pressure at the venus end of a capillary is _________

back 15

-9 mmHg (reabsorption)

front 16

On average, how much fluid that is filtered is reabsorbed?

back 16

85%

front 17

Starling Forces (photo)

back 17

front 18

A major homeostatic challenge is keeping the ____ concentration (pH) of body fluids at an appropriate level.

back 18

H +

front 19

Metabolic reactions often produce a huge _____ of H+

back 19

Excess

front 20

What would happen if homeostatic mechanisms failed to keep the H+ concentration at an appropriate level?

back 20

The pH of body fluids could quickly rise to a lethal level

front 21

Which systems help maintain the pH of systemic arterial blood?

back 21

  • Chemical buffers
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys

front 22

What is a healthy pH concentration of systemic arterial blood?

back 22

7.35 - 7.45

front 23

What do buffer systems do to balance pH

back 23

Act quickly to temporarily bind excess H+ sequestering the highly reactive ions until they can be permanently excreted

front 24

How does breathing assist in balancing pH

back 24

CO2 is exhaled, correcting pH

front 25

What do the kidney's do to balance pH

back 25

  • Excretes ions
  • Slowest mechanism

front 26

Respiratory acidosis

back 26

Occurs whenever CO2 accumulates because of hypoventilation

front 27

Metabolic acidosis

back 27

Occurs whenever non-respiratory acids accumulate

front 28

Respiratory alkalosis

back 28

Occurs whenever too much CO2

is lost because of hyperventilation

front 29

Metabolic alkalosis

back 29

Occurs whenever non-respiratory acids are lost

front 30

Which are more common and serious? States of acidosis or states of alkalosis?

back 30

states of acidosis