front 1 What does the term "respiration" refer to? | back 1 -Pulmonary Ventilation
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front 2 What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system discussed in class? | back 2 1. Provide oxygen to blood and remove carbon dioxide
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front 3 Which structures are part of the conducting division? | back 3 From the nose/mouth to terminal bronchioles |
front 4 Which are part of the respiratory division? | back 4 Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
front 5 Nasal Septum's components? | back 5 perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage |
front 6 what are nasal vibrissae? | back 6 hairs in the nasal vestibule. they trap debris |
front 7 nasal conchae | back 7 superior and middle are ethmoid bone, inferior conchae is its own bone. |
front 8 what structures drain into the nasal cavity? | back 8 paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary) |
front 9 What are the three functions of the nasal cavity we discussed in class? | back 9 1. warm, cleanse, and moisten air
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front 10 What are the functions of the mucous membrane? | back 10 The moist ET traps debris/particles. It has enzymes to kill bacteria. It also humidifies and warms air. |
front 11 Where is the pharynx? What does it do? | back 11 IT connects the nasal cavity to the larynx, and connects the oral cavity to the esophagus. It conveys air to the larynx. |
front 12 What are the three parts of the pharynx, and where are they located? | back 12 1. nasopharynx- superior to soft palate
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front 13 In what part of the pharynx are the:
| back 13 a. nasopharynx
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front 14 what is the larynx? where can you find it? what are the functions of the larynx? | back 14 Voice box. It is the passageway between laryngopharynx to trachea. It prevents food from entering lower respiratory system. It permits air flow. |
front 15 What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx? Which one is the :
| back 15 thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid.
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front 16 the paired cartilage? | back 16 arytenoid cartilage. attaches vocal cords posteriorly. sits ontop of cricoid cartilage |
front 17 what are the vocal cords? vestibular folds? vocal foldS? | back 17 They are bands of CT from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage. Vestibular folds are supportive tissue, and are the "false vocal cords". Vocal folds are used in sound production and are the "true vocal cords" |
front 18 How is sound produced by true vocal cords? How is it modified? | back 18 Air travels through glottis, and vibrates true vocal cords. They can be tightened or loosened by arytenoid cartilage twisting. It is modified using tongue, lips and palate. |
front 19 What is the trachea | back 19 Windpipe. It is a rigid tube from neck to mediastinum. It is formed by C-shaped rings of cartilage. Lined with mucosa |
front 20 Branching pattern of bronchial tree? | back 20 From largest to smallest:
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front 21 If you inhale a foreign object, which bronchus will it end up in? | back 21 right, because it's bigger and more vertical. |
front 22 How are bronchioles different from bronchi? | back 22 They have little to no cartilage, and more smooth muscles (important in dilation) |
front 23 Where does gas exchange take place in lungs? | back 23 alveolar sacs |
front 24 Where are lungs located? what are the surfaces? | back 24 Lungs lie against rib cage, superior to clavicle to diaphragm.
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front 25 how does L differ from R lung?
| back 25 a. L is smaller
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front 26 Pulmonary Ventilaton | back 26 movement of air in and out of lungs. has 2 phases:
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front 27 how does pulmonary respiration work? what happens to size of thorax during each phase? | back 27 air goes down the pressure gradient.
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front 28 what muscles are involved in pulmonary respiration? | back 28 diaphragm( contracts on inspiration) and external intercostals.
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front 29 What is dead space? | back 29 only 2/3 of air gets to the alveoli, the air in the rest of the lungs is the dead space (150 mL) |
front 30 Tidal volume | back 30 volume in and out in one cycle |
front 31 inspiratory reserve volume | back 31 amount you can inspire beyond tidal volume |
front 32 expiratory reserve volume | back 32 amount you can expel beyond tidal volume |
front 33 residual volume | back 33 air still in lungs |
front 34 vital capacity | back 34 VC= TV + ERV + IRV |
front 35 total lung capacity | back 35 Residual plus VC |
front 36 What causes the movement of respieratory gases in/out of the capillaries/ alveoli/ cells? | back 36 diffusion (down chemical gradient) |
front 37 What is internal respiration? What is the direction of movement of oxygen? | back 37 Between blood and tissues. Oxygen goes to the tissues, Co2 to the blood |
front 38 external respiration | back 38 between blood and alveoli
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front 39 what happens to most of the CO2 that enters the blood? Where does the rest end up? | back 39 7% goes in blood plasma
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front 40 what is the formula for bicarbonate ion formation during internal respiration? what happens to it once it is formed? | back 40 CO2 + H20 ---> H2CO3--->H+ + HCO3-
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front 41 What happens to the H+ formed during the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions? | back 41 it binds to available Hb in RBC.
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front 42 how is co2 released from blood during external respiration? | back 42 Co2 in plasma diffuses
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front 43 What are three mechanisms used by the body for the removal of H+ from body fluids? | back 43 1. buffer systems
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front 44 hwo does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system maintain stable blood pH? | back 44 low pH is HIGH H+ concentration
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front 45 what happens to blood pH during slow, shallow breathing? | back 45 not exhaling CO2, which will increase the H + and HCO3- concentration. will lower pH |
front 46 what happens during fast, deep breathing? | back 46 more Co2 flushed out, lowers H+, raises pH |
front 47 Where are the respiratory control centers of the brain? | back 47 2 in medulla - sets rhythm
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front 48 what is the inflation reflex? what receptors are involved? | back 48 Stretch receptors in the lungs respond to protect lungs from overinflating. VIA VAGUS. |
front 49 where can you find peripheral chemoreceptors? central chemoreceptors? what are they sensitive to? | back 49 peripheral are in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
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front 50 What is the most powerful effect on respiratory activity? | back 50 CO2 levels |
front 51 Which higher brain center mediates changes due to emotion and body temp changes? | back 51 hypothalamus |
front 52 which higher brain center is used for voluntary respiratory control? | back 52 cerebral cortex |
front 53 What other receptors influence respiration | back 53 irritant (VAGUS)
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front 54 why will the heart continue beating even if all nerve connections are severed | back 54 it has intrinsic control |
front 55 sequence of excitation of heart | back 55 SA node --> AV node --> AV Bundle --> Branches---> Purkinjie Fibers |
front 56 where is electrical impulse delayed? why? | back 56 in AV node (.1 s) this is to allow atria to contract before ventricles |
front 57 why is it important that the wave of ventricular depolarization runs up superiorly from apex? | back 57 so blood pumps up... |
front 58 where is the autonomic control center for the heart? | back 58 medulla |
front 59 what are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on heart rate? | back 59 Sympathetic increases HR, Parasympathetic decreases HR
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front 60 what other extrinsic factrs influence heart rate? | back 60 hormones, ionic imbalance, age, sex, regular exercise |
front 61 What is systole and diastole | back 61 systole- chamber of heart contracting
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front 62 the cardiac cycle | back 62 sequence of events in one heart beat.
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front 63 what are the heart sounds? | back 63 S1- Av valves closing (left then right)
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front 64 What is cardiac output? How is it related to HR and SV? | back 64 CO is the amount of blood pumped out of the LV in one minute. the faster the HR, more CO. higher SV, higher CO
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front 65 what is SV? | back 65 stroke volme. Volume of blood pumped out of LV in each beat. |
front 66 EDV? ESV? | back 66 SV= EDV + ESV
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front 67 why does resting heart rate decline as a result of CV conditioning? | back 67 when stroke volume increases, HR will decrease |
front 68 The three layers of a blood vessel | back 68 Tunica externa-collagen
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front 69 Veins vs. Arteries?
| back 69 a. arteries are thicker
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front 70 what are the two types of arteries? how do they differ? | back 70 Elastic and muscular.
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front 71 What are arterioles? | back 71 Very small arteries. 1 or 2 cell layers thick. Regulate blood flow into capillaries (autoregulation) |
front 72 What is artherosclerosis? atheroma? thrombosis? | back 72 Atherosclerosis is the hardening of an artery. atheroma is plaque buildup. thrombosis is a clot. |
front 73 what are capillaries? | back 73 they are the narrowest BV's. they are one cell thick, have no tunica media or tunica externa. Gas exchange takes place here. |
front 74 What is a capillary bed | back 74 system of capillaries |
front 75 thouroughfare channel | back 75 capillaries direct route from artery to vein |
front 76 true capillary | back 76 gas exchange happens here |
front 77 what muscles of capillary bed determines amount of blood flowing through it? | back 77 precapillary sphincters |
front 78 Venous vessels ? 2 | back 78 venules - smaller, union of capillaries
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front 79 blood pressure is low in veins. what mechanism provides most of the force necessary to return blood to heart? | back 79 skeletal muscle pumps w/ venous valves. contracting muscles squeeze blood up veins, and valves prevent backflow.
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front 80 what are hemorrhoids? | back 80 varicose vain in rectum |
front 81 what is blood pressure? | back 81 it is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. it decreases with distance from heart. |
front 82 Blood Flow | back 82 F =(delta P)/resistance |
front 83 what is the pressure gradient between two points? | back 83 difference in pressure, higher the difference the greater the blood flow. |
front 84 what is resistance? | back 84 what must be overcome to push blood through the system |
front 85 what are factors that influence resistance? | back 85 Blood viscosity
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front 86 peripheral resistance ? | back 86 arteries on periphery determine blood flow...bv away from heart have greatest effect on resistance |
front 87 what is pulse pressure? | back 87 SP-DP. smaller further away from the heart |
front 88 what accounts for the drop in pulse pressure in arteries further away from heart? | back 88 elastic arteries are close to heart, and bounce back during diastole like a pump. down the line, they are less elastic. |
front 89 what is MAP? | back 89 mean arterial pressure.
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front 90 what are the three main influences on MAP? | back 90 Cardiac output- higher CO- higher BP
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front 91 what is the cardiovascular center? | back 91 area of medulla oblongotta controls CV activity |
front 92 are vasomotors parasympathetic, sympathetic, or both? | back 92 SYMPATHETIC ONLY |
front 93 what do vasomotor fibers control? | back 93 alters the diameter of the BV it innervates. (tunica media of vessel)
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front 94 3 major types of input to cardiovascular center | back 94 chemical
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front 95 what higher brain structure mediates the cardiovascular response to exercise and changes in body temp? | back 95 brain stem |
front 96 what hormones are released by adrenal medulla? | back 96 epinephrine and norepinephrine. they increase heart rate. and vasoconstrict, except in cardiac and skeletal muscles |
front 97 atrial naturietic peptide | back 97 target: arterioles and kidney
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front 98 angiotensin II | back 98 plasma protein
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front 99 Aldosterone | back 99 target: kidneys
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front 100 ADH | back 100 target: kidneys
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front 101 what is autoregulation? | back 101 dilation/constriction of bv's leading totissues, based on need. |
front 102 what is the effect of nitric oxide
| back 102 NO- dilation
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front 103 what is myogenic response? | back 103 a response of vascular smooth muscle cells to stretch.
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front 104 what are the physical boundaries of the oral cavity> | back 104 front- labia
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front 105 what three actions take place in oral cavity | back 105 ingestion, taste, digestion
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front 106 4 types of teeth | back 106 incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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front 107 alveolus | back 107 tooth socket |
front 108 gingiva | back 108 gums over alveolar bone |
front 109 crown | back 109 above gingiva |
front 110 root | back 110 below gingiva |
front 111 enamel | back 111 highly mineralized bone |
front 112 cementum | back 112 covers root(like bone) |
front 113 periodontal ligament | back 113 connects root to alveolar bone |
front 114 dentin | back 114 body of tooth |
front 115 pulp chamber | back 115 chamber of tooth for nerves and BV |
front 116 root canal | back 116 pathway for nerves and BV to get to pulp chamber |
front 117 what part of the tongue is in the oral cavity? and what part is in the oropharynx? | back 117 the oral cavity houses the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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front 118 what are the functions of the tongue? | back 118 speech, move food, voluntary swallowing, taste |
front 119 what are papillae? | back 119 bumps on tongue |
front 120 what are the 3 major salivary glands/ducts? | back 120 sublingual-mini ducts under tongue
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front 121 purpose of pharynx/esophagus with respect to digestive system | back 121 pharynx- convey bolus to esophagus
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front 122 what parts of pharynx that food goes through? | back 122 oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
front 123 three muscles that make up pharynx walls?> | back 123 "constrictor" superior, middle, inferior. they squeeze food down. they are skeletal muscles (voluntary) |
front 124 how does food get pushed down esophagus? | back 124 peristalsis |
front 125 what is gastroesophageal sphincteR? | back 125 s.m. junction between stomach and esophagus. opens when food is present on esophageal side. |
front 126 GERD? | back 126 gastroesophageal reflux disorder
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front 127 functions of the stomach | back 127 1.temporary storage of bolus
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front 128 what side of body is the stomach on | back 128 upper left quadrant |
front 129 gastric rugae | back 129 mucosa of the stomach is folded when empty. stomach can then be further stretched |
front 130 what sphincter does chyme pass through to get to small intestine? | back 130 pyloric sphincter |
front 131 what is the major digestive enzyme of gastric juice? | back 131 pepsin- digestion of proteins. activated by HCl |
front 132 what hormone is released when food arrives at stomach? | back 132 gastrin- stimulates further production of gastric juice |
front 133 functions of small intestine? | back 133 1.receive chyme from stomach
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front 134 folds, villi, microvilli | back 134 they increase surface area of the mucosa. villi contain ET cells which have microvilli on them. |
front 135 three regions of the small intestine | back 135 duodenum- no mesentery
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front 136 how does the pH of the SI compare to stomach | back 136 pH is higher- mucosa secretes alkaline substance |
front 137 most absorption takes place in | back 137 jejunem- it is highly folded compared to the other two regions |
front 138 the duodenum | back 138 receives secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. the name of the duct they all come from hepatopancreatic ampulla. formed by common bile duct and main pancreatic duct. |
front 139 valve between SI and LI | back 139 ileocecal |
front 140 why is it called the large intestine? | back 140 it has a larger lumen |
front 141 where in the abdomen does the LI start | back 141 lower right quadrant. ends at the anus |
front 142 what does the LI do? | back 142 resorption of water and electrolytes |
front 143 why does one produce more intestinal gas as a result of eating more indigestible carbohydrates | back 143 bacteria in the LI will eat the leftover carbs, their waste is intestinal gas |
front 144 pathway through LI | back 144 cecum
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front 145 what is the name for that part of the rectum located inferior to the pelvic diaphragm? | back 145 anal canal |
front 146 how many lobes does the liver have? | back 146 4. left, right, caudate and quadrate |
front 147 what is the portal region of the liver | back 147 everything passes through it
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front 148 functions of liver | back 148 1.synthesis and storage of vitamins
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front 149 two major functions of pancreas | back 149 endocrine- insulin and glucagon
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front 150 enzymes found in pancreatic juice? | back 150 pancreatic amylase- carb digestion
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front 151 secretin | back 151 inhibits stomach, stimulates buffer secretion in pancreas |
front 152 cck | back 152 cholecystokinin
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front 153 GIP | back 153 gastroihibitory peptide
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front 154 3 divisions of the gut | back 154 foregut, midgut, hindgut- based on embryonic development (placement of vitelline duct) |
front 155 foregut | back 155 celiac artery
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front 156 midgut | back 156 superior mesenteric artery
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front 157 hindgut | back 157 inf. mesenteric artery
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front 158 mesentery | back 158 bilayer of peritoneum |
front 159 falciform ligament | back 159 divides liver int o two lobes (mesentery) |
front 160 two major carbohydrates | back 160 starch and glycogen |
front 161 what organs are retroperitoneal | back 161 kidneys, pancreas, ascending and descending colon |
front 162 emulsification | back 162 big droplets into little droplets |
front 163 lipid digestion | back 163 duodenum- already fat globules b/c of hydprophobic nature, bile emulsifies lipids then pancreatic lipase breaks them down |
front 164 lacteals | back 164 transfer big things to veins (lymph system) lipid fragments attach to transport proteins |
front 165 four layers of gi tract | back 165 mucosa
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