front 1 Where is an organism's evolutionary history documented? | back 1 genome |
front 2 Molecular systematics | back 2 using comparisons of nucleic acids or other molecules to deduce relatedness |
front 3 True or false: studies of rRNA sequences indicate that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants | back 3 True |
front 4 Orthologous genes | back 4 homology is the result of speciation event and hence occurs between genes found in different species |
front 5 paralougous genes | back 5 results from gene duplication; hence, multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another within a species |
front 6 ______ has to be there for orthologous genes to diverge | back 6 Speciation |
front 7 Molecular clock | back 7 an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constants rates |
front 8 What are the 5 kingdoms | back 8 Monera (prokaryotes) Protista (a diverse kingdom consisting mostly of unicellular organisms) Plantae Fungi Animalia |
front 9 what are the three domains | back 9 Bacteria Eukarya Archaea |
front 10 What process actually increases the number of genes in an organism's genome? | back 10 gene duplication |
front 11 Why do researchers use rRNA in investigations of relationships between taxa that diverged hundreds of millions of years ago? | back 11 DNA coding for rRNA changes relatively slowly. |
front 12 The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma. These species have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about ten thousand years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? | back 12 mitochondrial DNA |
front 13 Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves _____. | back 13 share a very recent common ancestor |
front 14 Molecular clocks are based on the idea that | back 14 on average neutral mutations arise at a constant rate |
front 15 The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is | back 15 reliable average rate of mutation |
front 16 Which of the following would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock? | back 16 natural selection |
front 17 Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable? | back 17 Protista |
front 18 Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? | back 18 Plantae |
front 19 What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? | back 19 rRNA genes |
front 20 What is the function of fimbriae? | back 20 They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes |
front 21 Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ____. | back 21 undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell |
front 22 Which of the following observations about flagella is true and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from protists and bacteria evolved independently? | back 22 The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in protist flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella. |
front 23 In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential
to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying,
or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of,
which structures? | back 23 1, 2, and 4 |
front 24 Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins? | back 24 If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes? |
front 25 How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? | back 25 They have extremely short generation times and large populations. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. |
front 26 Genes for the resistance to antibiotics are usually located _ | back 26 on plasmids |
front 27 When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. If these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells the host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this? | back 27 The virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage |
front 28 In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are | back 28 Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes.` |
front 29 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasing problem. Some bacteria that were once killed by common antibiotics have acquired the ability to survive in the presence of those antibiotics. How can bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance? | back 29 Bacteria can pick up an antibiotic-resistance gene from the environment through transformation. Bacteria can acquire random mutations that allow them to grow in the presence of antibiotics Bacteria can acquire antibiotic-resistance genes by becoming infected with a virus that contains an antibiotic-resistance gene. Bacteria can gain an antibiotic-resistance gene by conjugating with another species of bacteria. |
front 30 Which of the following is true of generalized bacteriophage transduction? | back 30 The bacteriophage packages fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage particles. |
front 31 Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. | back 31 chemoautotrophs |
front 32 Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? | back 32 They are poisoned by O2. |
front 33 Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____. | back 33 their mode of nutrition |
front 34 The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the | back 34 halophiles |
front 35 How are archaeans most similar to bacteria? | back 35 the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids |
front 36 While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? | back 36 Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan. |
front 37 You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? | back 37 It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen. |
front 38 Which statement about the domain Archaea is true? | back 38 Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. |
front 39 The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks
peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is likely to be
true of this species? | back 39 2, 4, and 5 |
front 40 An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____ | back 40 symbiotic |
front 41 Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does NOT involve symbiosis? | back 41 decomposer |
front 42 The termite gut protist Mixotricha paradoxa has at least two
kinds of bacteria attached to its outer surface. One kind is a
spirochete that propels its host through the termite gut. A second
type of bacteria synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), some of
which is used by the spirochetes. The locomotion provided by the
spirochetes introduces the ATP-producing bacteria to new food sources.
Which term(s) is (are) applicable to the relationship between the two
kinds of bacteria? | back 42 1, 3, and 4 |
front 43 What is the goal of bioremediation? | back 43 to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria |
front 44 Which statement about endotoxins is true? | back 44 Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. |
front 45 If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? | back 45 The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. |
front 46 Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. In prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domains is: | back 46 Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer |
front 47 Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from | back 47 meiosis. |
front 48 Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? | back 48 decomposer |
front 49 Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in | back 49 cyanobacteria. |
front 50 Which of the following processes contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes | back 50 Transduction |
front 51 Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis? | back 51 An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont. |
front 52 According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? | back 52 The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
front 53 The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? | back 53 cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants |
front 54 A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____ | back 54 have three or four membranes |
front 55 All protists are ____ | back 55 eukaryotic |
front 56 Consider the following data: (a) Most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. (b) All eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus and cytoskeleton. (c) Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions could reasonably follow the data presented? The first eukaryote may have been _____. | back 56 capable of phagocytosis |
front 57 Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae ___ | back 57 are unicellular |
front 58 _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain.Hints | back 58 Phytoplankton |
front 59 Which of the following is a producer | back 59 diatom |
front 60 Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because _____. | back 60 photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels |
front 61 Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of | back 61 secondary endosymbiosis. |
front 62 Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because | back 62 all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. |
front 63 Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers. | back 63 Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities. |
front 64 Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? | back 64 Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. |
front 65 Fungi obtain nutrients through __ | back 65 absorption |
front 66 The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. | back 66 hyphae ... mycelium |
front 67 When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? | back 67 fungal enzymes |
front 68 A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? | back 68 cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae |
front 69 The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. | back 69 an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition |
front 70 The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following | back 70 fungus |
front 71 What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? | back 71 karyogamy and meiosis` |
front 72 Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? | back 72 2 or 3 |
front 73 In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ____ | back 73 results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells |
front 74 An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. | back 74 help plants take up nutrients and water |
front 75 Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil | back 75 Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. |
front 76 The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen __ | back 76 by convergent evolution |
front 77 Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability? | back 77 This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose. |
front 78 Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? | back 78 nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement |
front 79 Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. | back 79 ingesting it |
front 80 What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? | back 80 presence of Hox genes |
front 81 The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____. | back 81 sense, feed, and move |
front 82 The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. | back 82 flagellated protist |
front 83 Which of the following is radially symmetrical? | back 83 a doughnut |
front 84 Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the __ | back 84 primary germ layers |
front 85 what are the two prokaryotes domains | back 85 bacteria and archaea |
front 86 shapes of prokaryotic cells | back 86 spheres ( coccus) rods ( bacillus) spirals |
front 87 what do most bacterial cell walls contain? | back 87 peptidoglycan |
front 88 Archael cell walls contain.... | back 88 variety of polysaccharides and proteins |
front 89 Gram Stain | back 89 can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition |
front 90 Gram-positive | back 90 bacteria have simpler walls with relatively large amount of peptidoglycan |
front 91 Gram negative | back 91 bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipoplysaccharides -also toxic - more likely to be anibiotic resistant |
front 92 a polysaccharide or protein layer is called | back 92 capsule |
front 93 what is a fimbrae | back 93 hairlike appendages that are used to stick to their substrate or to one another |
front 94 What is a pili | back 94 allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA |
front 95 what is taxis | back 95 the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus |
front 96 what is exaptation | back 96 where existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification |
front 97 where are the chromosomes located on a prokaryote | back 97 nucleoid |
front 98 What are plasmids? | back 98 small rings that contain DNA |
front 99 how do prokaryotes reproduce? | back 99 binary fission |
front 100 How long does binary fission take? | back 100 1-3 hours |
front 101 what are the three factors that contribute to genetic diversity | back 101 rapid reproduction mutation genetic recombination |
front 102 what is genetic recombination | back 102 the combining of DNA from two sources |
front 103 what is transformation | back 103 when a prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding eniviroment |
front 104 What i stransduction | back 104 the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages |
front 105 what is conjugation | back 105 the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells |
front 106 Where does the F factor exist | back 106 on a plasmid or a segment of DNA |
front 107 what are R plasmids | back 107 carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
front 108 Phototrophs get their energy from? | back 108 light |
front 109 chemotrophs get their sunlight from | back 109 chemicals |
front 110 autotrophs require CO2 as... | back 110 a carbon dourece |
front 111 what is obligate aerobes | back 111 must use O2 for cellular respiration |
front 112 what is nitrogen fixation | back 112 when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammmonia |
front 113 extreme halophilles | back 113 live in highly saline enviroments |
front 114 extreme thermophilies | back 114 live in very hot enivroments |
front 115 methanogens | back 115 release methance as a by-product of their unique ways of obtaining engery |
front 116 symbiosis | back 116 ecological relationship which two species live in close contact |
front 117 mutualism | back 117 both organisms benefit |
front 118 commensalism | back 118 one organisms benefit while the other gets nothing |
front 119 parasitism | back 119 when one harms the host organsims |
front 120 host | back 120 bigger organism |
front 121 symbiont | back 121 small organisms |
front 122 exotoxins | back 122 secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotic that produce them are not present |
front 123 endotoxins | back 123 released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down |
front 124 bioremdiation | back 124 use of organisms to remove polluntants from soil,air or water |
front 125 what is cynobacteria | back 125 photoautotrophs that generate O2 |