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Chapter 19, 20, 24

front 1

1)

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

A)

transport of nutrients and wastes

B)

transport of body heat

C)

transport of gases

D)

defense against toxins and pathogens

E)

all of the above

back 1

E)all of the above

front 2

2)

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

A)

contains buffers that control pH

B)

normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0

C)

is more viscous than water

D)

is about 55 percent plasma

E)

None of the above is falseall are true.

back 2

B) normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0

front 3

3)

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

A)

55 percent

B)

38 percent

C)

60 percent

D)

45 percent

E)

20 percent

back 3

D) 45 percent

front 4

4)

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

A)

serum.

B)

lymph.

C)

whole blood.

D)

extracellular fluid.

E)

packed blood.

back 4

C) whole blood.

front 5

5)

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

A)

the heart.

B)

a superficial artery.

C)

a superficial vein.

D)

a capillary.

E)

an arteriole.

back 5

C) a superficial vein.

front 6

6)

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from

A)

the heart.

B)

the lungs.

C)

an artery.

D)

a vein.

E)

capillaries.

back 6

C) an artery.

front 7

7) Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood, except a

back 7

B) viscosity about the same as water.

front 8

8)

The total volume of blood in the body of a 76-kg man is approximately ________ liters.

A)

10

B)

6 to 8

C)

5.3

D)

4.4

E)

3.8

back 8

C) 5.3

front 9

9)

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

A)

hypovolemic.

B)

hypervolemic.

C)

normovolemic.

D)

isovolemic.

E)

antivolemic.

back 9

A) hypovolemic.

front 10

10)

The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the

A)

concentration of water.

B)

concentration of electrolytes.

C)

concentration of nitrogen wastes.

D)

concentration of proteins.

E)

concentration of glucose.

back 10

D)concentration of proteins.

front 11

11)

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

A)

globulins.

B)

transport proteins.

C)

albumins.

D)

lipoproteins.

E)

fibrinogens.

back 11

C) albumins.

front 12

12)

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

A)

albumins.

B)

fibrinogens.

C)

immunoglobulins.

D)

metalloproteins.

E)

lipoproteins.

back 12

C) immunoglobulins.

front 13

13)

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

A)

albumin alpha.

B)

fibrinogen.

C)

immunoglobulin A.

D)

metalloprotein D.

E)

lipoprotein C.

back 13

B) fibrinogen.

front 14

14)

The most abundant component of plasma is

A)

ions.

B)

proteins.

C)

water.

D)

gases.

E)

nutrients.

back 14

C) water.

front 15

15)

All the circulating red blood cells originate in the

A)

heart.

B)

thymus.

C)

spleen.

D)

red bone marrow.

E)

lymph tissue.

back 15

D) red bone marrow.

front 16

16)

The process of lymphopoiesis goes on in all of the following organs, except

A)

the spleen.

B)

the kidney.

C)

the lymph nodes.

D)

the red bone marrow.

E)

the thymus.

back 16

B) the kidney.

front 17

17)

Granulocytes form in

A)

the intestines.

B)

the spleen.

C)

the thymus.

D)

red bone marrow.

E)

yellow bone marrow.

back 17

D) red bone marrow.

front 18

18)

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

A)

thymosin.

B)

angiotensin.

C)

erythropoietin.

D)

M-CSF.

E)

renin.

back 18

C) erythropoietin.

front 19

19)

Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?

A)

Red cells are biconcave discs.

B)

Red cells lack mitochondria.

C)

Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.

D)

Red cells are specialized for carrying oxygen.

E)

Red cells can form stacks called rouleaux.

back 19

C) Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.

front 20

20)

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is

A)

24 hours.

B)

1 month.

C)

4 months.

D)

about 1 year.

E)

many years.

back 20

C) 4 months.

front 21

21)

The function of red blood cells is to

A)

carry carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.

B)

carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.

C)

carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.

D)

defend the body against infectious organisms.

E)

both A and B

back 21

E) both A and B

front 22

22)

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is

A)

albumin.

B)

porphyrin.

C)

hemoglobin.

D)

immunoglobulin.

E)

fibrinogen.

back 22

C) hemoglobin.

front 23

23)

The function of hemoglobin is to

A)

carry oxygen.

B)

carry carbon dioxide.

C)

aid in the process of blood clotting.

D)

A, B, and C

E)

A and B only

back 23

E) A and B only

front 24

24)

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

A)

Polycythemia

B)

Leukemia

C)

Anemia

D)

Leukopenia

E)

Thrombocytopenia

back 24

C) Anemia

front 25

25)

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

A)

oral doses of iron.

B)

injections of iron.

C)

oral doses of vitamin B12.

D)

injections of vitamin B12.

E)

blood transfusion.

back 25

D) injections of vitamin B12.

front 26

26)

A red blood cell that contains normal amounts of hemoglobin would be called

A)

hyperchromic.

B)

normochromic.

C)

hypochromic.

D)

normocytic.

E)

macrocytic.

back 26

B) normochromic.

front 27

27)

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

A)

fibrinogen-converting enzyme.

B)

plasmin.

C)

factor VIII.

D)

thrombin.

E)

prothrombinase.

back 27

D) thrombin.

front 28

28)

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the

A)

spleen.

B)

liver.

C)

bone marrow.

D)

digestive tract.

E)

A, B, and C

back 28

E) A, B, and C

front 29

29)

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

A)

globin chains of hemoglobin.

B)

heme molecules plus iron.

C)

heme molecules lacking iron.

D)

iron found in hemoglobin molecules.

E)

abnormal proteins found in red blood cells.

back 29

C) heme molecules lacking iron.

front 30

30)

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

A)

excreted by the kidneys.

B)

excreted by the liver.

C)

excreted by the intestines.

D)

recycled to the red bone marrow.

E)

stored in yellow bone marrow.

back 30

D) recycled to the red bone marrow.

front 31

31)

In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in

A)

the liver.

B)

yellow bone marrow.

C)

red bone marrow.

D)

the spleen.

E)

lymphoid tissue.

back 31

C) red bone marrow.

front 32

32)

In adults, red bone marrow is located in the

A)

sternum and ribs.

B)

diaphysis of long bones.

C)

iliac crest, body of vertebrae.

D)

A, B, and C

E)

A and C only

back 32

E) A and C only

front 33

33)

The process of red blood cell production is called

A)

erythrocytosis.

B)

erythropenia.

C)

hemocytosis.

D)

erythropoiesis.

E)

hematopenia.

back 33

D) erythropoiesis.

front 34

34)

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as

A)

hemocytoblasts.

B)

reticulocytes.

C)

band forms.

D)

myeloid cells.

E)

proerythrocytes.

back 34

B) reticulocytes.

front 35

35)

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.

A)

Erythroblasts

B)

Normoblasts

C)

Myeloblasts

D)

Band cells

E)

Reticulocytes

back 35

E) Reticulocytes

front 36

36)

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

A)

oxygen levels in the blood increase.

B)

oxygen levels in the blood decrease.

C)

blood flow to the kidney declines.

D)

both A and C

E)

both B and C

back 36

E) both B and C

front 37

37)

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

A)

viscosity.

B)

specific gravity.

C)

packed volume.

D)

hematocrit.

E)

differential cell count.

back 37

D) hematocrit.

front 38

38)

A typical adult hematocrit is

A)

85.

B)

75.

C)

65.

D)

45.

E)

25.

Answer:

back 38

D) 45.

front 39

39)

Consider these results from a blood lab test. Which value is most likely abnormal?

A)

RBCs5.2 million/µl

B)

platelets280,000/µl

C)

leukocytes8600/µl

D)

hemoglobin10.7 g/100 ml

E)

hematocrit44 percent

back 39

D) hemoglobin10.7 g/100 ml

front 40

40)

A person's blood type is determined largely by the

A)

size of the RBCs.

B)

volume of the RBCs.

C)

chemical character of the hemoglobin.

D)

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

E)

shape of the RBCs.

back 40

D) presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

front 41

41)

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

A)

their blood cells lack A and B antigens.

B)

their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

C)

their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.

D)

they usually have very strong immune systems.

E)

they are usually Rh negative.

back 41

B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

front 42

42)

All of the following are true of neutrophils, except that they are

A)

granular leukocytes.

B)

phagocytic.

C)

also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

D)

important in coagulation.

E)

active in fighting bacterial infections.

back 42

D) important in coagulation.

front 43

43)

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

A)

neutrophils.

B)

eosinophils.

C)

basophils.

D)

lymphocytes.

E)

monocytes.

back 43

A) neutrophils.

front 44

44)

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

A)

neutrophils.

B)

eosinophils.

C)

basophils.

D)

lymphocytes.

E)

monocytes.

back 44

C) basophils.

front 45

45)

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

A)

Neutrophils

B)

Eosinophils

C)

Basophils

D)

Lymphocytes

E)

Monocytes

back 45

E) Monocytes

front 46

46)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

A)

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

B)

helper cells are one type

C)

hormone that regulates blood cell formation

D)

kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

back 46

C) hormone that regulates blood cell formation

front 47

47)

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

A)

neutrophils.

B)

eosinophils.

C)

basophils.

D)

lymphocytes.

E)

monocytes.

back 47

B) eosinophils.

front 48

48)

A hormone that stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes is

A)

M-CSF.

B)

G-CSF.

C)

GM-CSF.

D)

multi-CSF.

E)

thymosin.

back 48

C) GM-CSF.

front 49

49)

A hormone that stimulates the production of neutrophils is

A)

M-CSF.

B)

G-CSF (Neupogen).

C)

GM-CSF.

D)

multi-CSF.

E)

thymosin.

back 49

B) G-CSF (Neupogen).

front 50

50)

Platelets function in all of the following, except

A)

dissolving a formed clot.

B)

forming temporary clump in injured areas.

C)

contraction after clot formation.

D)

initiating the clotting process.

E)

releasing chemicals that stimulate clotting.

back 50

A) dissolving a formed clot.

front 51

51)

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

A)

erythroblasts.

B)

normoblasts.

C)

megakaryocytes.

D)

myeloblasts.

E)

lymphoblasts.

back 51

C) megakaryocytes.

front 52

52)

Platelets are

A)

red cells that lack a nucleus.

B)

blue cells that have a nucleus.

C)

large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus.

D)

tiny cells with a polynucleus.

E)

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

back 52

E) cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

front 53

53)

Platelets are stored as a reserve in case of hemorrhage in

A)

the splenic vein.

B)

the splenic artery.

C)

the spleen.

D)

other vascular organs.

E)

C and D only.

back 53

E) C and D only.

front 54

54)

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

A)

Vascular spasm

B)

The platelet phase

C)

Retraction

D)

Coagulation

E)

Fibrinolysis

back 54

D) Coagulation

front 55

55) Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

back 55

C) the liver.

front 56

56)

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

A)

sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.

B)

activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.

C)

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

D)

release of heparin from the liver.

E)

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

back 56

C) release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

front 57

57)

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

A)

sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.

B)

activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.

C)

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

D)

release of heparin from the liver.

E)

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

back 57

B) activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.

front 58

58)

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

A)

sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.

B)

activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen.

C)

release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.

D)

conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.

E)

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

back 58

D) conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.

front 59

59)

The process of fibrinolysis

A)

activates fibrinogen.

B)

draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together.

C)

dissolves clots.

D)

forms emboli.

E)

forms thrombi.

back 59

C) dissolves clots.

front 60

60)

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

A)

thrombin.

B)

plasmin.

C)

heparin.

D)

fibrinase.

E)

phosphokinase.

back 60

B) plasmin.

front 61

61)

Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ________ pathway.

A)

extrinsic

B)

intrinsic

C)

common

D)

retraction

E)

fibrinolytic

back 61

A) extrinsic

front 62

62)

Plasma thromboplastin is a factor in the ________ pathway.

A)

extrinsic

B)

intrinsic

C)

common

D)

retraction

E)

fibrinolytic

back 62

B) intrinsic

front 63

63)

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?

A)

vitamin A

B)

vitamin B

C)

vitamin K

D)

vitamin D

E)

vitamin E

back 63

C) vitamin K

front 64

64)

A person whose platelet count is 40,000/µl is suffering from

A)

thrombocytosis.

B)

leukocytosis.

C)

hemocytosis.

D)

thrombocytopenia.

E)

leukopenia.

back 64

D) thrombocytopenia.

front 65

65)

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

A)

embolus.

B)

thrombus.

C)

plaque.

D)

procoagulant.

E)

platelet plug.

back 65

A) embolus.

front 66

66)

Areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called

A)

thrombi.

B)

emboli.

C)

plaques.

D)

clots.

E)

occlusions.

back 66

C) plaques.

front 67

67)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term platelets?

A)

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

B)

helper cells are one type

C)

produce antibodies in response to antigens

D)

kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

back 67

A) adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

front 68

68)

Plasma is closest in composition to

A)

urine.

B)

isotonic saline solution.

C)

sterile water.

D)

CSF.

E)

interstitial fluid.

back 68

E) interstitial fluid.

front 69

69)

Which of the following drives exchange of fluids between the tissues and the blood?

A)

concentration gradients

B)

osmosis

C)

hydrostatic pressure

D)

A, B, and C

E)

A and B only

back 69

D) A, B, and C

front 70

70)

Which of the following is present in very low levels in plasma?

A)

electrolytes

B)

platelets

C)

fibrinogen

D)

albumin

E)

amino acids

back 70

E) amino acids

front 71

71)

Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?

A)

RBCs

B)

platelets

C)

antibodies

D)

lymphocytes

E)

basophils

back 71

C) antibodies

front 72

72)

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

A)

four alpha chains.

B)

one alpha and one beta chain.

C)

four iron atoms.

D)

one heme group.

E)

B and C only

back 72

C) four iron atoms.

front 73

73)

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

back 73

A) 55, 92

front 74

74)

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

A)

metalloprotein

B)

steroid-binding

C)

hormone-binding

D)

apolipoprotein

E)

transport albumin

back 74

C) hormone-binding

front 75

75)

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

A)

metalloprotein

B)

steroid-binding protein

C)

hormone-binding protein

D)

apolipoprotein

E)

transport albumin

back 75

A) metalloprotein

front 76

76)

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

A)

translipin

B)

steroid-binding protein

C)

hormone-binding protein

D)

albumin

E)

gamma globulin

back 76

D) albumin

front 77

77)

Which plasma protein transports testosterone?

A)

testostoferrin

B)

sexualin

C)

hormone-binding albumin

D)

apolipoprotein T

E)

testosterone-binding globulin

back 77

E)

testosterone-binding globulin

front 78

78)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

A)

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

B)

helper cells are one type

C)

produce antibodies in response to antigens

D)

kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

back 78

C)

produce antibodies in response to antigens

front 79

79)

Which of the following proteins is (are) found in plasma?

A)

prolactin

B)

luteinizing hormone

C)

insulin

D)

all of the above

E)

A and C only

back 79

D)

all of the above

front 80

80)

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

A)

pancreas

B)

heart

C)

kidney

D)

brain

E)

liver

back 80

E)

liver

front 81

81)

You are caring for an adult patient who weighs 48 kg. What would her approximate blood volume be?

A)

6.6 L

B)

6.0 L

C)

5.6 L

D)

4.8 L

E)

3.8 L

back 81

E)

3.8 L

front 82

82)

The most abundant white blood cells are

A)

NBCs.

B)

plasma cells.

C)

ABCs.

D)

neutrophils.

E)

monocytes

back 82

D)

neutrophils.

front 83

83)

Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia?

A)

10,000 WBC

B)

3.5 million RBC

C)

400,000 platelets

D)

5.5 million RBC

E)

A and D taken together

back 83

B)

3.5 million RBC

front 84

84)

Which of the following is not true of neutrophils?

A)

less abundant than lymphocytes

B)

can make hydrogen peroxide

C)

can exit capillaries

D)

can destroy bacteria

E)

attracted to complement-coated bacteria

back 84

A)

less abundant than lymphocytes

front 85

85)

Which of the following is true of basophils?

A)

constitute about 1 percent of WBCs

B)

granules contain heparin

C)

granules contain histamine

D)

attract other defense cells

E)

all of the above

back 85

E)

all of the above

front 86

86)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term T lymphocytes?

A)

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

B)

helper cells are one type

C)

produce antibodies in response to antigens

D)

kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

back 86

B)

helper cells are one type

front 87

87)

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from

A)

excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma.

B)

extensive breakdown of RBCs.

C)

destruction of hemoglobin.

D)

the yellow pigment, carotene.

E)

A, B, and C

back 87

E)

A, B, and C

front 88

88)

After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect

A)

an increased reticulocyte count.

B)

an increased platelet count.

C)

an increased erythrocyte count.

D)

an increased neutrophil count.

E)

increased levels of clotting factors.

back 88

A)

an increased reticulocyte count.

front 89

89)

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

A)

iron deficiency

B)

vitamin B12 deficiency

C)

lack of intrinsic factor

D)

vitamin K deficiency

E)

vitamin B6 deficiency

back 89

B)

vitamin B12 deficiency

front 90

90)

A hematocrit provides information on

A)

blood type.

B)

clotting factors.

C)

formed elements abundance.

D)

plasma composition.

E)

sedimentation rate.

back 90

C)

formed elements abundance.

front 91

91)

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

A)

liver.

B)

spleen.

C)

thymus.

D)

red bone marrow.

E)

yellow bone marrow.

back 91

D)

red bone marrow.

front 92

92)

The most numerous WBCs in a differential count of a healthy individual are

A)

neutrophils.

B)

basophils.

C)

lymphocytes.

D)

monocytes.

E)

leukocytes.

back 92

A)

neutrophils.

front 93

93)

A person with Type A blood has

A)

antigen A on the RBCs.

B)

anti-B agglutinins in the plasma.

C)

anti-A agglutinins on the red blood cells.

D)

A and B only

E)

B and C only

back 93

D)

A and B only

front 94

94)

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

A)

the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative.

B)

both the father and the mother are Rh negative.

C)

both the father and the mother are Rh positive.

D)

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

E)

an Rh-positive mother carries an Rh-negative fetus.

back 94

D)

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

front 95

95)

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

A)

magnesium.

B)

calcium.

C)

iron.

D)

sodium.

E)

copper.

back 95

C)

iron.

front 96

96)

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

A)

transferrin.

B)

hemosiderin.

C)

ferritin

D)

A, B, and C

E)

B and C only

back 96

E)

B and C only

front 97

97)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?

A)

adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

B)

helper cells are one type

C)

produce antibodies in response to antigens

D)

kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

back 97

E)

often elevated in allergic individuals

front 98

98)

In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?

A)

a person suffering from hemolysis

B)

an alcoholic with a damaged liver

C)

iron-deficient diet

D)

A, B, and C

E)

A and B only

back 98

E)

A and B only

front 99

99)

If bile ducts are blocked,

A)

more bilirubin appears in the plasma.

B)

bilirubin appears in the skin and eyes.

C)

more hemolysis takes place.

D)

A, B, and C

E)

A and B only

back 99

E)

A and B only

front 100

100)

Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?

A)

hemoglobin

B)

ferritin

C)

hemosiderin

D)

transferrin

E)

B, C, and D

back 100

E)

B, C, and D

front 101

101)

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

A)

the diet is deficient in iron.

B)

there is insufficient heme in the hemoglobin.

C)

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

D)

red blood cells bind too much oxygen.

E)

hemolysis is prevented by a bad gene.

back 101

C)

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

front 102

102)

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

A)

neutrophils.

B)

eosinophils.

C)

basophils.

D)

reticulocytes.

E)

thrombocytes.

back 102

A)

neutrophils.

front 103

103)

The pus associated with infected wounds contains

A)

dead neutrophils.

B)

cellular debris.

C)

tissue fluids.

D)

all of the above

E)

B and C only

back 103

D)

all of the above

front 104

104)

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

back 104

C)

hemorrhage.

front 105

105)

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

A)

cause clots to form faster.

B)

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

C)

initiate clot formation.

D)

mimic heparin.

E)

recruit neutrophils to an infection.

back 105

B)

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

front 106

106)

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

A)

the coagulation pathway would be lacking a required cofactor at many steps

B)

coagulation would be prevented

C)

no important effect because magnesium can substitute for calcium

D)

A and B only

E)

A and C only

back 106

D)

A and B only

front 107

107)

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

A)

a drop in oxygen levels.

B)

the release of erythropoietin.

C)

a rise in hematocrit.

D)

both A and C

E)

A, B, and C

back 107

E)

A, B, and C

front 108

108)

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

A)

hemophilia.

B)

pernicious anemia.

C)

thrombocytopenia.

D)

leukocytosis.

E)

jaundice.

back 108

B)

pernicious anemia.

front 109

109)

Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that

A)

she is suffering from anemia.

B)

she has fewer red blood cells than normal.

C)

her hematocrit is probably lower than normal.

D)

she may be suffering from a form of leukemia.

E)

her hemoglobin level is normal.

back 109

E)

her hemoglobin level is normal.

front 110

110)

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

A)

pernicious anemia.

B)

renal anemia.

C)

increased erythropoiesis.

D)

decreased erythropoiesis.

E)

increased sensitivity to vitamin K.

back 110

C)

increased erythropoiesis.

front 111

111)

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following, except

A)

during anemia.

B)

at high altitudes.

C)

as a consequence of hemorrhage.

D)

during periods of fasting.

E)

when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted.

back 111

D)

during periods of fasting.

front 112

112)

Which of the following is not true of monocytes?

A)

about same size as basophils

B)

enter tissues and wander

C)

become macrophages

D)

are long lived

E)

can phagocytize bacteria

back 112

A)

about same size as basophils

front 113

113)

Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

A)

erythrocytes

B)

platelets

C)

reticulocytes

D)

lymphocytes

E)

neutrophils

back 113

C)

reticulocytes

front 114

114)

What are common sources of vitamin K?

A)

green vegetables

B)

organ meats

C)

whole grains

D)

intestinal bacteria

E)

all of the above

back 114

E)

all of the above

front 115

115)

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. This means

A)

Bill could receive type A-negative blood in a transfusion.

B)

Bill could donate blood to an individual with type AB blood.

C)

Bill is Rh positive.

D)

Bill's plasma contains B agglutinins.

E)

A, B, and D

back 115

D)

Bill's plasma contains B agglutinins.

front 116

116)

People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor VIII; as a result

A)

they lack a functional intrinsic pathway.

B)

they lack a functional extrinsic pathway.

C)

they lack a functional common pathway.

D)

their coagulation times are much longer than normal.

E)

both A and D

back 116

A)

they lack a functional intrinsic pathway.

front 117

117)

A digestive disorder that impairs a person's ability to absorb vitamin K will result in

A)

low levels of prothrombin.

B)

low levels of Factor X.

C)

low levels of thromboplastin.

D)

prolonged bleeding.

E)

all of the above

back 117

E)

all of the above

front 118

118)

Tom suffers from severe liver disease secondary to alcoholism. Which of the following signs would you expect to see as a result?

A)

decreased clotting ability

B)

increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

C)

reduced iron storage

D)

all of the above

E)

A and C only

back 118

D)

all of the above

front 119

119)

Which of the following is true of eosinophils?

A)

granules stain with acid dyes

B)

allergic patients have many

C)

have bilobed nucleus

D)

constitute about 2 to 4 percent of WBCs

E)

all of the above

back 119

D)

constitute about 2 to 4 percent of WBCs

front 120

120)

Megan has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?

A)

neutrophils

B)

eosinophils

C)

basophils

D)

lymphocytes

E)

monocytes

back 120

A)

neutrophils

front 121

121)

Identify the cell labeled "5."

A)

erythrocyte

B)

lymphocyte

C)

eosinophil

D)

basophil

E)

monocyte

back 121

E)

monocyte

front 122

122)

Identify the cell labeled "6."

A)

erythrocyte

B)

lymphocyte

C)

eosinophil

D)

basophil

E)

monocyte

back 122

B)

lymphocyte

front 123

123)

Identify the cell labeled "7."

A)

neutrophil

B)

lymphocyte

C)

platelet

D)

basophil

E)

monocyte

back 123

C)

platelet

front 124

124)

Identify the cell labeled "3."

A)

eosinophil

B)

lymphocyte

C)

erythrocyte

D)

basophil

E)

monocyte

back 124

A)

eosinophil

front 125

125)

Identify the cell labeled "2."

A)

lymphocyte

B)

eosinophil

C)

basophil

D)

neutrophil

E)

monocyte

back 125

D)

neutrophil

front 126

Blood aids in the regulation of body temperature.

back 126

TRUE

front 127

The blood of a fetus and its mother are almost identical.

back 127

FALSE

front 128

Hemoglobin can bind and transport four molecules of oxygen.

back 128

TRUE

front 129

1)

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

A)

right atrium.

B)

right ventricle.

C)

left atrium.

D)

left ventricle.

E)

conus arteriosus.

back 129

A)

right atrium.

front 130

2)

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

A)

right atrium.

B)

right ventricle.

C)

left atrium.

D)

left ventricle.

E)

conus arteriosus.

back 130

C)

left atrium.

front 131

3)

The earlike extension of the atrium is the

A)

ventricle.

B)

coronary sinus.

C)

coronary sulcus.

D)

auricle.

E)

atricle.

back 131

D)

auricle.

front 132

4)

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

A)

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

B)

marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles.

C)

marks the boundary line between the right and left atria.

D)

separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria.

E)

separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins.

back 132

A)

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

front 133

5)

In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea called the

A)

pleural space.

B)

pericardial space.

C)

mediastinum.

D)

cardiac notch.

E)

ventral cavity.

back 133

C)

mediastinum.

front 134

6)

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

A)

papillary muscles.

B)

trabeculae carneae.

C)

chordae tendineae.

D)

interatrial septa.

E)

coronary sulci.

back 134

C)

chordae tendineae.

front 135

7)

Contractions of the papillary muscles

A)

close the atrioventricular valves.

B)

close the semilunar valves.

C)

eject blood from the ventricles.

D)

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

E)

eject blood from the atria into the ventricles.

back 135

D)

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

front 136

8)

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

A)

mediastinum.

B)

parietal pericardium.

C)

epicardium.

D)

myocardium.

E)

endocardium.

back 136

C)

epicardium.

front 137

9)

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

A)

cardiac myocytes.

B)

chondrocytes.

C)

epitheliocytes.

D)

fibrocytes.

E)

smooth muscle cells.

back 137

A)

cardiac myocytes.

front 138

10)

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

A)

right and left lungs.

B)

left ventricle.

C)

left atrium.

D)

aorta.

E)

right atrium.

back 138

A)

right and left lungs.

front 139

11)

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

A)

lungs.

B)

right ventricle.

C)

right atrium.

D)

aorta.

E)

pulmonary circuit.

back 139

D)

aorta.

front 140

12)

The right atrium receives blood from the

A)

coronary sinus.

B)

superior vena cava.

C)

inferior vena cava.

D)

A, B, and C

E)

B and C only

back 140

D)

A, B, and C

front 141

13)

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.

A)

mitral

B)

bicuspid

C)

tricuspid

D)

pulmonary semilunar

E)

aortic semilunar

back 141

C)

tricuspid

front 142

14)

As blood leaves the right ventricle it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

back 142

B)

conus arteriosus

front 143

15)

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

A)

aorta.

B)

pulmonary trunk.

C)

pulmonary veins.

D)

right ventricle.

E)

left atrium.

back 143

D)

right ventricle.

front 144

16)

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located

A)

in the opening of the aorta.

B)

in the opening of the pulmonary trunk.

C)

where the venae cavae join the right atrium.

D)

between the right atrium and right ventricle.

E)

between the left atrium and left ventricle.

back 144

E)

between the left atrium and left ventricle.

front 145

17)

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

A)

semicaval

B)

semilunar

C)

bicuspid

D)

tricuspid

E)

pulmonic

back 145

C)

bicuspid

front 146

18)

The function of the atrium is to

A)

collect blood.

B)

pump blood to the lungs.

C)

pump blood into the systemic circuit.

D)

pump blood to the ventricle.

E)

both A and D

back 146

E)

both A and D

front 147

19)

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics, except that it

A)

has a thicker wall.

B)

is round in cross section.

C)

pumps a greater volume.

D)

works harder.

E)

produces about six to eight times more pressure when it contracts.

back 147

C)

pumps a greater volume.

front 148

20)

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.

1. right atrium

2. left atrium

3. right ventricle

4. left ventricle

5. venae cavae

6. aorta

7. pulmonary trunk

8. pulmonary veins

back 148

C)

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

front 149

21)

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

A)

heart.

B)

lungs.

C)

brain.

D)

intestines.

E)

liver.

back 149

B)

lungs.

front 150

22)

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

A)

heart.

B)

lungs.

C)

brain.

D)

intestines.

E)

liver.

back 150

A)

heart.

front 151

23)

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

A)

right atrium.

B)

left atrium.

C)

right ventricle.

D)

left ventricle.

E)

interatrial septum.

back 151

E)

interatrial septum.

front 152

24)

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

A)

the coronary sinus.

B)

contact with blood in the pumping chambers.

C)

the coronary arteries.

D)

arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries.

E)

both A and C

back 152

C)

the coronary arteries.

front 153

25)

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

A)

pulmonary

B)

coronary

C)

circumflex

D)

carotid

E)

subclavian

back 153

B)

coronary

front 154

26)

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

A)

right coronary artery.

B)

left coronary artery.

C)

circumflex artery.

D)

coronary sinus.

E)

aorta.

back 154

A)

right coronary artery.

front 155

27)

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

A)

right coronary artery.

B)

left coronary artery.

C)

interventricular artery.

D)

coronary sinus.

E)

aorta.

back 155

B)

left coronary artery.

front 156

28)

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the

A)

superior vena cava.

B)

inferior vena cava.

C)

coronary sinus.

D)

coronary sulcus.

E)

aorta.

back 156

C)

coronary sinus.

front 157

29)

The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.

A)

parasympathetic

B)

sympathetic

C)

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

D)

neither parasympathetic nor sympathetic

E)

somatomotor

back 157

C)

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

front 158

30)

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of

back 158

A)

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

front 159

31)

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

A)

movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane.

B)

calcium channels remaining open.

C)

increased membrane permeability to potassium ion.

D)

decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane.

E)

increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

back 159

B)

calcium channels remaining open.

front 160

32)

In cardiac muscle

A)

calcium ions are not released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

B)

calcium ions do not bind to troponin molecules.

C)

calcium ions play no role in the process of contraction.

D)

at least half of the calcium ion required for contraction comes from outside the cell.

E)

calcium ions play an important role in repolarizing the membrane after the depolarization phase.

back 160

D)

at least half of the calcium ion required for contraction comes from outside the cell.

front 161

33)

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in the

A)

Purkinje fibers.

B)

sinoatrial node.

C)

atrioventricular node.

D)

wall of the left ventricle.

E)

both the left and right ventricles.

back 161

B)

sinoatrial node.

front 162

34)

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart.

1. Purkinje fibers

2. AV bundle

3. AV node

4. SA node

5. bundle branches

The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is

A)

1, 4, 3, 2, 5.

B)

3, 2, 4, 5, 1.

C)

3, 5, 4, 2, 1.

D)

4, 3, 2, 5, 1.

E)

4, 2, 3, 5, 1.

back 162

D)

4, 3, 2, 5, 1.

front 163

35)

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

A)

depolarization of the SA node.

B)

depolarization of the AV node.

C)

depolarization of the atria.

D)

repolarization of the atria.

E)

depolarization of the ventricles.

back 163

C)

depolarization of the atria.

front 164

36)

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

A)

P wave.

B)

T wave.

C)

S wave.

D)

QRS complex.

E)

PR complex.

back 164

D)

QRS complex.

front 165

37)

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents

A)

atrial depolarization.

B)

atrial repolarization.

C)

ventricular depolarization.

D)

ventricular repolarization.

E)

ventricular contraction.

back 165

D)

ventricular repolarization.

front 166

38)

Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following, except the

A)

heart rate.

B)

stroke volume.

C)

condition of the conducting system.

D)

effects of drugs and poisons.

E)

duration of the ventricular action potential.

back 166

B)

stroke volume.

front 167

39)

The first heart sound is heard when the

A)

AV valves open.

B)

AV valves close.

C)

semilunar valves close.

D)

atria contract.

E)

blood enters the aorta.

back 167

B)

AV valves close.

front 168

40)

During the isovolumetric phase of ventricular systole, the

A)

atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing.

B)

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

C)

blood is ejected into the great vessels.

D)

all of the above

E)

B and C only

back 168

B)

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

front 169

41)

During the cardiac cycle, the

A)

P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds.

B)

QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure.

C)

second heart sound occurs during atrial systole.

D)

first heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG.

E)

both B and D

back 169

E)

both B and D

front 170

42)

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

A)

end-diastolic volume.

B)

end-systolic volume.

C)

stroke volume.

D)

cardiac output.

E)

cardiac reserve.

back 170

C)

stroke volume.

front 171

43)

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, except

A)

increased venous return.

B)

increased parasympathetic stimulation.

C)

increased sympathetic stimulation.

D)

increased heart rate.

E)

both A and B

back 171

B)

increased parasympathetic stimulation.

front 172

44)

"An increase in end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume" is a way of stating

A)

Robin's law of the heart.

B)

Finch's law of the heart.

C)

Starling's law of the heart.

D)

Sparrow's law of the heart.

E)

Hawking's law of the heart.

back 172

C)

Starling's law of the heart.

front 173

45)

Which of the following would increase heart rate?

A)

increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node

B)

decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers

C)

increased levels of epinephrine

D)

faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential

E)

all of the above

back 173

E)

all of the above

front 174

46)

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the

A)

atrial systole.

B)

early diastolic filling phase.

C)

late diastolic filling phase.

D)

systolic ejection phase.

E)

dicrotic phase.

back 174

D)

systolic ejection phase.

front 175

47)

Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will

A)

increase heart rate.

B)

decrease heart rate.

C)

increase contractility.

D)

increase cardiac output.

E)

decrease the end-systolic volume.

back 175

B)

decrease heart rate.

front 176

48)

Artery is to ________ as vein is to ________.

A)

efferent; afferent

B)

afferent; efferent

C)

toward; away

D)

afferent; away

E)

none of the above

back 176

A)

efferent; afferent

front 177

49)

The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.

A)

1,000

B)

10,000

C)

100,000

D)

1,000,000

E)

10,000,000

back 177

C)

100,000

front 178

50)

The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.

A)

8,000

B)

15,000

C)

20,000

D)

50,000

E)

100,000

back 178

A)

8,000

front 179

51)

The heart is roughly the size of

A)

a thigh.

B)

a man's clenched fist.

C)

the gallbladder.

D)

the hand of a 10-year-old.

E)

Texas.

back 179

B)

a man's clenched fist.

front 180

52)

The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right because

A)

the left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.

B)

the left ventricle pumps a greater volume of blood than the right ventricle.

C)

the left ventricle produces a higher pressure than the right.

D)

both A and B

E)

both A and C

back 180

E)

both A and C

front 181

53)

Which of the following descriptions matches the term near the left fifth intercostal space?

A)

pericardial cavity

B)

visceral pericardium

C)

apex of heart

D)

aorta

E)

right atrium

back 181

C)

apex of heart

front 182

54)

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as

A)

cardiac tamponade.

B)

mitral valve prolapse.

C)

pleural effusion.

D)

cardiomyopathy.

E)

pericarditis.

back 182

A)

cardiac tamponade.

front 183

55)

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain

A)

fat.

B)

arteries.

C)

veins.

D)

all of the above

E)

B and C only

back 183

D)

all of the above

front 184

56)

Intercalated discs serve to transfer ________ from cell to cell.

A)

ionic currents

B)

action potentials

C)

the force of contraction

D)

all of the above

E)

A and B only

back 184

D)

all of the above

front 185

57)

Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?

A)

Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.

B)

Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus.

C)

Cardiac muscle cells branch.

D)

Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.

E)

Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.

back 185

E)

Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.

front 186

58)

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

A)

in one direction only.

B)

in both directions.

C)

in many directions.

D)

in opposite directions on the right and left.

E)

both A and D

back 186

A)

in one direction only.

front 187

59)

During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are

A)

depolarizing.

B)

repolarizing.

C)

contracting.

D)

relaxing.

E)

both B and D

back 187

E)

both B and D

front 188

60)

Coronary veins empty into the

A)

left atrium.

B)

left ventricle.

C)

right atrium.

D)

right ventricle.

E)

conus arteriosus.

back 188

C)

right atrium.

front 189

61)

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

A)

2

B)

4

C)

6

D)

8

E)

none of the above

back 189

B)

4

front 190

62)

Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in

A)

mitral regurgitation.

B)

mitral valve prolapse.

C)

bicuspid regurgitation.

D)

bicuspid prolapse.

E)

all of the above

back 190

E)

all of the above

front 191

63)

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then

A)

close.

B)

open.

C)

make the third heart sound.

D)

both B and C

E)

both A and C

back 191

B)

open.

front 192

64)

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.

A)

right coronary artery

B)

right coronary vein

C)

superior vena cava

D)

left coronary artery

E)

both A and D

back 192

E)

both A and D

front 193

65)

The ________ ventricle has a greater workload than the ________.

A)

left; right ventricle

B)

right; left ventricle

C)

right; systemic circulation

D)

both A and C

E)

none of the above

back 193

A)

left; right ventricle

front 194

66)

The connective tissue fibers of the myocardium

back 194

E)

all of the above

front 195

67)

Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the

A)

brachiocephalic artery.

B)

right coronary artery.

C)

left coronary artery.

D)

phrenic arteries.

E)

pulmonary arteries.

back 195

C)

left coronary artery.

front 196

68)

A heart murmur might be caused by

A)

aortic valve stenosis.

B)

mitral valve insufficiency.

C)

pulmonic valve insufficiency.

D)

B or C

E)

A or B or C

back 196

E)

A or B or C

front 197

69)

A heartbeat lasts

back 197

B)

370 msec.

front 198

70)

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

back 198

D)

both B and C

front 199

71)

The first heart sound ("lub")

A)

is associated with atrial systole.

B)

is associated with closing of the mitral valve.

C)

is associated with opening of the mitral valve.

D)

is associated with closing of the aortic valve.

E)

is associated with opening of the aortic valve.

back 199

B)

is associated with closing of the mitral valve.

front 200

72)

Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute.

A)

20—40

B)

40—60

C)

80—100

D)

100—140

E)

140—180

back 200

C)

80—100

front 201

73)

________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.

A)

Tachycardia; bradycardia

B)

Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy

C)

Bradycardia; tachycardia

D)

Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia

E)

none of the above

back 201

C)

Bradycardia; tachycardia

front 202

74)

Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG's

A)

P wave.

B)

QRS complex.

C)

QT interval.

D)

T wave.

E)

S-T segment.

back 202

A)

P wave.

front 203

75)

________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation.

A)

Systole; diastole

B)

Diastole; systole

C)

Filling; relaxing

D)

Ejection; filling

E)

both A and D

back 203

E)

both A and D

front 204

76)

The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation is the

A)

foramen ovale.

B)

interatrial septum.

C)

coronary sinus.

D)

fossa ovalis.

E)

ligamentum arteriosus.

back 204

A)

foramen ovale.

front 205

77)

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

A)

aortic valve.

B)

pulmonary valve.

C)

mitral valve.

D)

tricuspid valve.

E)

bicuspid valve.

back 205

B)

pulmonary valve.

front 206

78)

Excess fluid in the ________ causes cardiac tamponade.

A)

pericardial cavity

B)

visceral pericardium

C)

apex of heart

D)

left ventricle

E)

both atria

back 206

A)

pericardial cavity

front 207

79)

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because

A)

cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own.

B)

neural stimulation is lacking.

C)

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

D)

the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension.

E)

potassium channels outnumber sodium channels.

back 207

C)

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

front 208

80)

Stroke volume depends on

A)

end diastolic volume.

B)

the contractility of the ventricle.

C)

the pressure required to pump blood into the aorta.

D)

A and B only

E)

A, B, and C

back 208

E)

A, B, and C

front 209

81)

Which of these comparisons between skeletal and heart muscle is false?

A)

both have T-tubules.

B)

both release calcium ion from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C)

both are striated.

D)

both rely entirely on oxidative metabolism for energy.

E)

both trigger contraction by membrane depolarization.

back 209

D)

both rely entirely on oxidative metabolism for energy.

front 210

82)

Cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except one. Choose the exception.

A)

decreasing ejection fraction

B)

decreasing end systolic volume

C)

increasing stroke volume

D)

increasing ejection fraction

E)

increasing heart rate

back 210

A)

decreasing ejection fraction

front 211

83)

During ventricular systole, the

A)

atria are contracting.

B)

blood is entering the ventricles.

C)

AV valves are closed.

D)

pressure in the ventricles remains constant.

E)

pressure in the aorta remains constant.

back 211

C)

AV valves are closed.

front 212

84)

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base

A)

increases.

B)

decreases.

C)

remains unchanged.

back 212

B)

decreases.

front 213

85)

When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber

A)

increases.

B)

decreases.

C)

remains the same.

back 213

B)

decreases.

front 214

86)

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

A)

tonus.

B)

treppe.

C)

tetany.

D)

recruitment.

E)

fatigue.

back 214

C)

tetany.

front 215

87)

At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts

A)

60 seconds.

B)

60 milliseconds.

C)

1 second.

D)

370 milliseconds.

E)

630 milliseconds.

back 215

C)

1 second.

front 216

88)

Drugs known as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine can be used to

A)

decrease the force of cardiac contraction.

B)

decrease blood pressure.

C)

dilate the coronary arteries.

D)

produce a negative inotropic effect.

E)

all of the above

back 216

E)

all of the above

front 217

89)

Cardiac cells damaged by infarction will show which of the following?

A)

switch to anaerobic metabolism.

B)

release of enzymes into the circulation.

C)

release of troponin T and I into the circulation.

D)

release of MB-CK into the circulation.

E)

all of the above

back 217

E)

all of the above

front 218

90)

When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n)

A)

coronary spasm.

B)

myocardial infarction.

C)

coronary thrombosis.

D)

angina pectoris.

E)

pulmonary embolism.

back 218

C)

coronary thrombosis.

front 219

91)

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will reflexly lead to

A)

increase in heart rate.

B)

decrease in heart rate.

C)

decrease in blood pressure.

D)

both B and C

E)

both A and C

back 219

D)

both B and C

front 220

92)

AV nodal cells are poorly interconnected compared to contractile cells but they have bigger diameters.

A)

The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false.

B)

The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true.

C)

Both parts of the statement are true.

D)

Both parts of the statement are false.

back 220

A)

The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false.

front 221

93)

Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?

A)

the peak pressure in the ventricle

B)

the peak pressure in the aorta

C)

Neither is greater.

back 221

A)

the peak pressure in the ventricle

front 222

94)

If the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is cut, which of these changes will occur?

A)

heart will beat slower

B)

stroke volume will decrease

C)

cardiac output will decrease

D)

nodal fibers will depolarize more slowly

E)

none of the above

back 222

E)

none of the above

front 223

95)

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the

A)

pons.

B)

thalamus.

C)

medulla oblongata.

D)

hypothalamus.

E)

higher centers.

back 223

C)

medulla oblongata.

front 224

96)

Cardiac output is increased by

A)

more sympathetic stimulation.

B)

increased end systolic volume.

C)

increased stroke volume.

D)

all of the above

E)

A and C only

back 224

E)

A and C only

front 225

97)

Which of the following would be greater?

A)

the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 150 beats/minute

B)

the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute

back 225

B)

the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute

front 226

98)

Acetylcholine slows the heart because it

A)

opens potassium ion channels in SA node cells.

B)

opens sodium-calcium ion channels in SA node cells.

C)

causes the pacemaker potential to depolarize more quickly.

D)

causes the pacemaker potential to depolarize more slowly.

E)

A and C only

back 226

E)

A and C only

front 227

99)

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?

A)

alpha-one receptor

B)

beta-one receptor

C)

muscarinic receptor

D)

beta-two receptor

E)

preganglionic

back 227

B)

beta-one receptor

front 228

100)

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

A)

P wave

B)

T wave

C)

QRS complex

D)

P-R interval

E)

R-T interval

back 228

C)

QRS complex

front 229

101)

The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons.

A)

The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false.

B)

The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true.

C)

Both parts of the statement are true.

D)

Both parts of the statement are false.

E)

Both parts of the statement are true and relate to brainstem control of heart rate.

back 229

E)

Both parts of the statement are true and relate to brainstem control of heart rate.

front 230

102)

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the

A)

heart rate will increase.

B)

heart rate will decrease.

C)

membrane will depolarize.

D)

membrane will hyperpolarize.

E)

both B and D

back 230

E)

both B and D

front 231

103)

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,

A)

the ventricles will beat faster.

B)

the ventricles will beat more slowly.

C)

the ventricular beat will remain unchanged.

D)

cardiac output will increase.

E)

both A and D

back 231

B)

the ventricles will beat more slowly.

front 232

104)

In order to perform a CABG, a cardiac surgeon must

A)

open the pericardial sac.

B)

visualize the visceral pericardium.

C)

visualize the parietal pericardium.

D)

both A and B

E)

A, B, and C

back 232

D)

both A and B

front 233

105)

What effect would compressing the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm have on cardiac function?

A)

Stroke volume would increase.

B)

Cardiac output would increase.

C)

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase.

D)

all of the above

E)

A and B only

back 233

C)

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase.

front 234

106)

Which of these is true about the atrial reflex?

A)

also called Bainbridge reflex

B)

triggered by atrial mechanoreceptors

C)

triggered by increasing venous return

D)

depends on sympathetic innervation

E)

all of the above

back 234

E)

all of the above

front 235

107)

Which of these would cause stroke volume to increase?

A)

when venous return is increased

B)

when venous return is decreased

C)

when diastolic blood pressure is decreased

D)

both A and C

E)

both B and C

back 235

D)

both A and C

front 236

108)

If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?

A)

regurgitation into the right atrium

B)

regurgitation into the superior vena cava

C)

diastolic murmur

D)

A and B only

E)

A, B, and C

back 236

C)

diastolic murmur

front 237

109)

David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause

A)

increased effort by the right ventricle.

B)

increased effort by the left ventricle.

C)

systolic murmur.

D)

both A and C

E)

both B and C

back 237

E)

both B and C

front 238

110)

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

A)

The P-R interval will be shorter.

B)

The QRS duration will be longer.

C)

There will be much bigger P waves.

D)

The ventricles will stop beating.

E)

The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

back 238

E)

The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

front 239

111)

Identify the structure labeled "19."

A)

tricuspid valve

B)

pulmonary semilunar valve

C)

aortic semilunar valve

D)

bicuspid valve

E)

ligamentum arteriosum

back 239

B)

pulmonary semilunar valve

front 240

112)

Identify the structure labeled "8."

A)

moderator band

B)

pectinate muscles

C)

papillary muscles

D)

trabeculae carneae

E)

chordae tendineae

back 240

C)

papillary muscles

front 241

113)

Identify the structure labeled "6."

A)

cusp of tricuspid valve

B)

pulmonary semilunar valve

C)

aortic semilunar valve

D)

bicuspid valve

E)

ligamentum arteriosum

back 241

A)

cusp of tricuspid valve

front 242

114)

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit?

A)

5

B)

10

C)

16

D)

13

E)

both 5 and 16

back 242

C)

16

front 243

115)

Identify the structure labeled "21."

A)

bicuspid valve

B)

pulmonary semilunar valve

C)

aortic semilunar valve

D)

ligamentum arteriosum

E)

tricuspid valve

back 243

D)

ligamentum arteriosum

front 244

116)

What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph?

A)

AV valve opens

B)

semilunar valve opens

C)

diastolic refilling begins

D)

both A and C

E)

both B and C

back 244

D)

both A and C

front 245

117)

What volume is labeled "G" on the graph?

A)

cardiac output

B)

stroke volume

C)

end-systolic volume

D)

end-diastolic volume

E)

both B and D

back 245

C)

end-systolic volume

front 246

118)

What occurs at "A" on the graph?

A)

semilunar valve opens

B)

semilunar valve closes

C)

AV valve opens

D)

AV valve closes

E)

end systolic volume

back 246

A)

semilunar valve opens

front 247

119)

What volume is labeled "E" on the graph?

A)

cardiac output

B)

stroke volume

C)

end-diastolic volume

D)

end-systolic volume

E)

total cardiac volume

back 247

B)

stroke volume

front 248

120)

What occurs at the circled label "5" on the graph?

A)

peak systolic pressure

B)

isovolumetric systole

C)

isovolumetric contraction

D)

ventricular refilling

E)

increased heart rate

back 248

A)

peak systolic pressure

front 249

1)

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the

A)

stomach.

B)

pharynx.

C)

esophagus.

D)

bladder.

E)

colon.

back 249

D)

bladder.

front 250

2)

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

A)

appendix

B)

pancreas

C)

spleen

D)

colon

E)

esophagus

back 250

B)

pancreas

front 251

3)

Digestion refers to the

A)

progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.

B)

mechanical breakdown of food.

C)

chemical breakdown of food.

D)

B and C only

E)

A, B, and C

back 251

D)

B and C only

front 252

4)

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

A)

mechanical processing

B)

absorption

C)

compaction

D)

ingestion

E)

filtration

back 252

E)

filtration

front 253

5)

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

A)

serosa.

B)

adventitia.

C)

muscularis mucosa.

D)

mucosa.

E)

submucosa.

back 253

C)

muscularis mucosa.

front 254

6)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?

back 254

D)

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

front 255

7)

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

A)

mucosa

B)

submucosa

C)

submucosal plexus

D)

muscularis mucosa

E)

adventitia

back 255

D)

muscularis mucosa

front 256

8)

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

A)

serosa

B)

adventitia

C)

mesenteries

D)

fibrosa

E)

lamina propria

back 256

C)

mesenteries

front 257

9)

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

A)

mucosa.

B)

serosa.

C)

adventitia.

D)

submucosal plexus.

E)

lamina propria.

back 257

D)

submucosal plexus.

front 258

10)

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

A)

mucosa.

B)

submucosa.

C)

muscularis mucosa.

D)

myenteric plexus.

E)

submucosal plexus.

back 258

D)

myenteric plexus.

front 259

11)

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

A)

mucosa.

B)

submucosa.

C)

muscularis.

D)

adventitia.

E)

serosa.

back 259

B)

submucosa.

front 260

12)

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

A)

lamina propria.

B)

muscularis mucosae.

C)

submucosa.

D)

submucosal plexus.

E)

myenteric plexus.

back 260

A)

lamina propria.

front 261

13)

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, except in the

A)

anal canal.

B)

esophagus.

C)

stomach.

D)

oropharynx.

E)

oral cavity.

back 261

C)

stomach.

front 262

14)

A feature of the digestive epithelium that assists expansion of the organ is the presence of

A)

transitional cells.

B)

plicae.

C)

elastic cells.

D)

rugae.

E)

both B and D

back 262

E)

both B and D

front 263

15)

Which of these descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus?

A)

component of mucosa

B)

sensory neural network

C)

secretes a watery fluid

D)

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

E)

loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

back 263

B)

sensory neural network

front 264

16)

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

A)

segmentation.

B)

pendular movements.

C)

peristalsis.

D)

churning movements.

E)

mastication.

back 264

C)

peristalsis.

front 265

17)

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

A)

segmentation.

B)

pendular movements.

C)

haustral churning.

D)

defecation.

E)

mass movements.

back 265

E)

mass movements.

front 266

18)

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by

A)

hormones.

B)

parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons.

C)

the contents of the digestive tract.

D)

intrinsic nerve plexuses.

E)

all of the above

back 266

E)

all of the above

front 267

19)

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except

A)

analysis of material before swallowing.

B)

mechanical processing of food.

C)

lubrication.

D)

absorption of monosaccharides.

E)

digestion of carbohydrates.

back 267

D)

absorption of monosaccharides.

front 268

20)

________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.

A)

One

B)

Two

C)

Three

D)

Four

E)

Six to Ten

back 268

C)

Three

front 269

21)

The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.

A)

submaxillary

B)

submandibular

C)

parotid

D)

sublingual

E)

vestibular

back 269

C)

parotid

front 270

22)

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

A)

uvula.

B)

pharyngeal arch.

C)

palatoglossal arch.

D)

palatopharyngeal arch.

E)

epiglottis.

back 270

A)

uvula.

front 271

23)

Functions of the tongue include all of the following, except

A)

mechanical processing of food.

B)

manipulation of food.

C)

sensory analysis of food.

D)

aiding in speech.

E)

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.

back 271

E)

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.

front 272

24)

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

A)

enamel.

B)

cementum.

C)

dentin.

D)

pulp.

E)

periodontium.

back 272

C)

dentin.

front 273

25)

The chamber within a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

A)

enamel.

B)

cementum.

C)

dentin.

D)

pulp cavity.

E)

periodontium.

back 273

D)

pulp cavity.

front 274

26)

The root of a tooth is covered by

A)

enamel.

B)

cementum.

C)

dentin.

D)

pulp.

E)

the root canal.

back 274

B)

cementum.

front 275

27)

The crown of a tooth is covered by

A)

enamel.

B)

cementum.

C)

dentin.

D)

pulp.

E)

periodontium.

back 275

A)

enamel.

front 276

28)

During deglutition,

A)

the soft palate elevates.

B)

the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes.

C)

the lower esophageal sphincter opens.

D)

all of the above

E)

A and C only

back 276

D)

all of the above

front 277

29)

Which of the following is false about secretions from the salivary glands?

A)

are mostly water

B)

help control bacterial populations in the mouth

C)

help lubricate the oral cavity and its contents

D)

contain enzymes for the digestion of polysaccharides

E)

contain enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides

back 277

E)

contain enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides

front 278

30)

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the

A)

vestibule.

B)

hard palate.

C)

soft palate.

D)

A, B, and C

E)

B and C only

back 278

E)

B and C only

front 279

31)

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the

A)

pharynx.

B)

larynx.

C)

fauces.

D)

vestibule.

E)

dip sulcus.

back 279

D)

vestibule.

front 280

32)

The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the

A)

vestibule.

B)

gingiva.

C)

alveolus.

D)

uvula.

E)

faux.

back 280

B)

gingiva.

front 281

33)

The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the

A)

uvula.

B)

faux.

C)

lingual frenulum.

D)

labial frenulum.

E)

glossal septum.

back 281

C)

lingual frenulum.

front 282

34)

The uvula is located at the

A)

posterior of the tongue.

B)

margin of the vestibule.

C)

base of a tooth.

D)

posterior margin of the soft palate.

E)

margin of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx.

back 282

D)

posterior margin of the soft palate.

front 283

35)

________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.

A)

Canines

B)

Bicuspids

C)

Cuspids

D)

Incisors

E)

Molars

back 283

D)

Incisors

front 284

36)

________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

A)

Incisors

B)

Bicuspids

C)

Premolars

D)

Cuspids

E)

Molars

back 284

D)

Cuspids

front 285

37)

________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.

A)

Molars

B)

Cuspids

C)

Eye teeth

D)

Canines

E)

Dentins

back 285

A)

Molars

front 286

38)

The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the gut tube. These include

A)

epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous.

B)

epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar.

C)

muscularis externa may be striated muscle.

D)

A and C only

E)

B and C only

back 286

D)

A and C only

front 287

39)

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except

A)

storage of ingested food.

B)

denaturation of proteins.

C)

initiation of protein digestion.

D)

absorption of triglycerides.

E)

mechanical breakdown of food.

back 287

D)

absorption of triglycerides.

front 288

40)

Parietal cells secrete

A)

pepsinogen.

B)

gastrin.

C)

mucus.

D)

hydrochloric acid.

E)

enteropeptidase.

back 288

D)

hydrochloric acid.

front 289

161)

What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

A)

strains materials entering the stomach

B)

regulates gastric emptying

C)

mixes stomach juice into food

D)

controls contraction of stomach muscles

E)

prevents food from entering the esophagus

back 289

B)

regulates gastric emptying

front 290

162)

Identify the structure labeled "10."

A)

longitudinal muscle layer

B)

circular muscle layer

C)

oblique muscle layer

D)

rugae

E)

submucosa

back 290

C)

oblique muscle layer

front 291

163)

Identify the structure labeled "12."

A)

fundus

B)

cardia

C)

lesser curvature

D)

greater curvature

E)

pylorus

back 291

A)

fundus

front 292

164)

Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?

A)

3

B)

4

C)

5

D)

6

E)

back 292

E)

9