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Chapter 4

front 1 1) The element present in all organic molecules is _____. A) hydrogen B) oxygen C) carbon D) nitrogen	back 1 Answer: C
front 2 2) The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to _____. A) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms B) the variety of rare elements in organic molecules C) the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen D) their interaction with water	back 2 Answer: A
front 3 3) The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that _____. A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can be synthesized only by living organisms B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods C) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products D) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena	back 3 Answer: D
front 4 4) Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the _____. A) elemental composition from organism to organism B) types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism C) sizes of the organic molecules in each organism D) types of inorganic compounds present in each organism	back 4 Answer: B

front 5 5) Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _____. A) life on Earth arose from simple inorganic molecules B) organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth C) life on Earth arose from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes D) the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life	back 5 Answer: B
front 6 6) When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced? A) only simple organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide B) mostly hydrocarbons C) only simple inorganic compounds D) simple organic compounds, amino acids, and hydrocarbons	back 6 Answer: D
front 7 7) Which of the following is true of carbon? A) It forms only polar molecules. B) It can form a maximum of three covalent bonds with other elements. C) It is highly electronegative. D) It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.	back 7 Answer: D
front 8 8) Why is carbon so important in biology? A) It is a common element on Earth. B) It has very little electronegativity, making it a good electron donor. C) It bonds to only a few other elements. D) It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.	back 8 Answer: D

front 9 9) How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8	back 9 Answer: C
front 10 10) A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds	back 10 Answer: C
front 11 11) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. D) They are less dense than water.	back 11 Answer: B
front 12 12) Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas.	back 12 Answer: A

front 13 13) Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that _____. A) have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons B) are mirror images of each other C) differ in the location of their double bonds D) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds	back 13 Answer: B
front 14 14) What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration? A) the presence or absence of bonds with oxygen atoms B) the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms C) the polarity of the covalent bonds between carbon and other atoms D) the solvent in which the organic molecule is dissolved	back 14 Answer: B
front 15 15) Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will _____. A) be more flexible in structure B) be more constrained in structure C) be more polar D) have more hydrogen atoms	back 15 Answer: B
front 16 16) Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms cannot _____. A) have a branching carbon skeleton B) have different combinations of double bonds between carbon atoms C) have different positions of double bonds between carbon atoms D) form enantiomers	back 16 Answer: D

front 17 17) The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____. A) enantiomers B) structural isomers C) cis-trans isomers D) chain length isomers	back 17 Answer: B
front 18 18) The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the _____. A) number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms B) types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms C) arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms D) number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds	back 18 Answer: C
front 19 19) The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are _____. A) isotopes B) enantiomers C) cis-trans isomers D) structural isomers	back 19 Answer: D
front 20 20) The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____. A) enantiomers B) radioactive isotopes C) structural isomers D) cis-trans isomers	back 20 Answer: D

front 21	back 21 Answer: C
front 22 25) Which of the following molecules is polar? C3H7OH C2H5COOH A) C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are both polar molecules. B) Neither C2H5COOH or C3H7OH is polar. C) C2H5COOH is polar, but C3H7OH is not polar. D) C3H7OH is not polar, but C3H7OH is polar.	back 22 Answer: A
front 23 26) Which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) hydroxyl	back 23 Answer: C
front 24 27) A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound _____. A) lacks an asymmetric carbon and is probably a fat or lipid B) should dissolve in water C) should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent D) will not form hydrogen bonds with water	back 24 Answer: B

front 25 28) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) carbonyl and amino groups B) carboxyl and amino groups C) amino and sulfhydryl groups D) hydroxyl and carboxyl groups	back 25 Answer: B
front 26 29) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) phosphate	back 26 Answer: C
front 27 30) A hydrocarbon skeleton is covalently bonded to an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. When placed in water this molecule would function _____. A) only as an acid because of the carboxyl group B) only as a base because of the amino group C) as an acid and a base D) as neither an acid nor a base	back 27 Answer: C
front 28 31) Which chemical group can act as an acid? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) methyl	back 28 Answer: C

front 29 32) Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol _____. A) are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula B) are cis-trans isomers but have the same molecular formula C) have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton D) are enantiomers of the same organic molecule	back 29 Answer: C
front 30 33) What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure below? A) carbonyl B) ketone C) aldehyde D) carboxyl	back 30 Answer: D
front 31 34) Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 31 Answer: B
front 32 35) In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds? A) A B) B C) C D) none of the structures	back 32 Answer: D

front 33 36) Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 33 Answer: A
front 34 37) Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids? A) A and B B) B and D C) C only D) B and C	back 34 Answer: D
front 35 38) Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 35 Answer: D
front 36 39) Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 36 Answer: B

front 37 40) Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 37 Answer: B
front 38 41) Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 38 Answer: C
front 39 42) Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in a cell? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 39 Answer: D
front 40 43) Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in a cell? A) A B) B and D C) C and D D) D	back 40 Answer: C

front 41 44) Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group? A) A and B B) B and C C) B, C, and D D) C and D	back 41 Answer: A
front 42 45) Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 42 Answer: B
front 43 46) Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 43 Answer: A
front 44 47) Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 44 Answer: C

front 45 48) Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is, therefore, an organic acid? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 45 Answer: C
front 46 49) Which molecule shown above can form a cross linkage? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 46 Answer: B
front 47 50) Which molecule shown above contains an amino functional group, but is NOT an amino acid? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 47 Answer: A
front 48 51) Which molecule shown above is a thiol? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 48 Answer: B

front 49 52) Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 49 Answer: D
front 50 53) Which molecule shown above can function as a base? A) A B) B C) C D) D	back 50 Answer: A
front 51 54) Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning amino groups? Amino groups _____. A) are basic with respect to pH B) are found in amino acids C) contain nitrogen D) are nonpolar	back 51 Answer: D