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Microbiology Chapter 2

front 1

What are the six most common elements needed in large amounts in living things?

  1. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
  2. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, calcium and nitrogen.
  3. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium and sodium.
  4. Hydrogen, copper, zinc, oxygen, iron, manganese and sodium.

back 1

  1. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

front 2

The smallest indivisible part of an element is the

  1. atom.
  2. isotope.
  3. electron.
  4. neutron.

back 2

  1. atom.

front 3

The mass number of an atom is determined by adding the number of

  1. protons and electrons.
  2. neutrons and protons.
  3. isotopes and protons.
  4. electrons and neutrons.

back 3

2. neutrons and protons.

front 4

All the following are components of an atom except

  1. electrons.
  2. neutrons.
  3. lipids.
  4. protons.

back 4

3. lipids.

front 5

What is the densest part of an atom that has the greatest amount of the mass of the atom?

  1. electron cloud.
  2. electron shell.
  3. atomic nucleus.
  4. orbit.

back 5

3. atomic nucleus.

front 6

What makes up the atomic number of an element?

  1. electrons + protons.
  2. protons.
  3. neutrons.
  4. neutrons + protons.

back 6

2. protons

front 7

What makes up the atomic weight of an element?

  1. electrons + neutrons.
  2. protons.
  3. electrons.
  4. neutrons + protons.

back 7

4. neutrons + protons.

front 8

How many electrons are in a neutral atom?

  1. The same number as the neutrons in the atom.
  2. The same number as the protons in the atom.
  3. The same number as the neutrons plus the protons.
  4. You can't tell, it varies from one atom to the next.

back 8

2. The same number as the protons in the atom.

front 9

What is the difference between ions and atoms of an element?

  1. number of electrons they possess.
  2. placement of their neutrons.
  3. number of neutrons they possess.
  4. number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

back 9

1. number of electrons they possess.

front 10

What do you get when an atom gains an electron?

  1. An isotope.
  2. A cation.
  3. An anion.
  4. An ionic bond.

back 10

3. An anion.

front 11

Carbon enters into an enormous number and variety of chemical combinations partly because

  1. it has four electrons in its outer shell.
  2. it has no protons in its nucleus.
  3. it is part of a protein molecule.
  4. it forms isotopes.

back 11

  1. it has four electrons in its outer shell.

front 12

What is an inert element?

  1. An element where the proton number and neutron number are equal.
  2. An element where the atomic number is higher than its atomic weight.
  3. An element that forms ions occurs readily.
  4. An element where the outer shell will not hold additional electrons.

back 12

4. An element where the outer shell will not hold additional electrons.

front 13

The formation of a chemical bond that combines atoms in molecules depends in large measure on the

  1. number of neutrons.
  2. placement of electrons in the shells.
  3. presence of organic matter in the environment.
  4. proton configuration of the nucleus.

back 13

2. placement of electrons in the shells.

front 14

What happens in the formation of an ionic bond?

  1. the addition of neutrons.
  2. a loss of protons.
  3. a transfer of electrons.
  4. All of the above are correct.

back 14

3. a transfer of electrons.

front 15

What happens when two oppositely-charged atoms are attracted and are held together?

  1. They form a covalent bond.
  2. They form a hydrogen bond.
  3. They form an ionic bond.
  4. They form a strong bond.

back 15

3. They form an ionic bond.

front 16

What happens when a chemical bond is formed between the electropositive sodium ion and the electronegative chloride ion?

  1. A covalent bond forms.
  2. A hydrogen bond forms.
  3. A biological bond forms.
  4. An ionic bond forms.

back 16

4. An ionic bond forms.

front 17

What is the result of two or more atoms joining together?

  1. An isomer.
  2. An isotope.
  3. An ionic bond.
  4. A molecule.

back 17

4. A molecule.

front 18

What kind of bond is found in water, H2O?

  1. It has a hydrogen bond.
  2. It has a polar covalent bond.
  3. It has a nonpolar covalent bond.
  4. It has an ionic bond.

back 18

2. It has a polar covalent bond.

front 19

Which one of the following statements does not apply to hydrogen bonds?

  1. They form between water molecules.
  2. They involve H and O atoms.
  3. They are very strong bonds.
  4. They are important in the formation of proteins and nucleic acids.

back 19

3. They are very strong bonds.

front 20

All the following characterize hydrogen bonding except

  1. a strong and stable chemical force.
  2. an attraction between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.
  3. the force between water molecules.
  4. the shaping of proteins and nucleic acids.

back 20

1. a strong and stable chemical force.

front 21

In the chemical reaction A + B => AB, which are the reactants?

  1. A
  2. B
  3. AB
  4. A and B

back 21

4. A and B

front 22

What happens in a dehydration or synthesis reaction?

  1. water is removed in the formation of a covalent bond.
  2. monosaccharides are produced from polysaccharides.
  3. water is incorporated into a molecule.
  4. water is removed from a bacterial cell.

back 22

  1. water is removed in the formation of a covalent bond.

front 23

An acid is a chemical substance that

  1. releases protons in solution.
  2. has a sour taste.
  3. has a lower pH value.
  4. All the above are correct.

back 23

4. All the above are correct.

front 24

A substance whose pH is 8 contains

  1. more hydroxyl ions than water.
  2. less protein than water.
  3. no hydrogen ions.
  4. more hydrogen ions than water.

back 24

  1. more hydroxyl ions than water.

front 25

Why is a buffer important?

  1. It maintains a neutral pH inside the cells.
  2. It maintains a neutral pH outside the cells.
  3. It maintains a stable pH in living things.
  4. It isn't really very important, most cells don't have it.

back 25

3. It maintains a stable pH in living things.

front 26

Which one of the following is not an organic molecule?

  1. Table salt
  2. Nucleic acids
  3. Glucose
  4. Deoxyribose

back 26

  1. Table salt

front 27

The carboxyl group is important biologically. What is its chemical formula?

  1. —OH.
  2. —COOH.
  3. —CHO.
  4. —NH2.

back 27

2. —COOH.

front 28

What is a functional group symbolized by –NH2 known as?

  1. hydroxyl group.
  2. phosphate group.
  3. amino group.
  4. carboxyl group.

back 28

3. amino group.

front 29

What is an important difference between monosaccharides and polysaccharides?

  1. the number of nitrogen atoms in the molecule.
  2. the presence of glycerol in monosaccharides.
  3. the number of carbohydrate monomers in the molecule.
  4. the specific amino acids present.

back 29

3. the number of carbohydrate monomers in the molecule.

front 30

Carbohydrates are so named because

  1. they contain carbon and hydrogen.
  2. the numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms are the same.
  3. they react readily with water.
  4. they can be hydrolyzed by the enzymes contained in water.

back 30

  1. they contain carbon and hydrogen.

front 31

Glucose units may be linked in chains of hundreds or thousands in

  1. proteins.
  2. nucleic acids such as DNA.
  3. polysaccharides.
  4. disaccharides.

back 31

3. polysaccharides.

front 32

Fatty acids that contain many double bonds and lack hydrogen atoms are commonly said to be

  1. saturated.
  2. glycerol.
  3. denatured.
  4. polyunsaturated.

back 32

4. polyunsaturated.

front 33

Guanine and cytosine are important constituents of

  1. most acid solutions.
  2. the chromosome of a cell.
  3. most protein molecules.
  4. the cellular membrane.

back 33

2. the chromosome of a cell.

front 34

. All the following are components of a RNA molecule except

  1. cytosine.
  2. ribose.
  3. thymine.
  4. uracil

back 34

  1. thymine.

front 35

Nucleic acids are composed of all the following except

  1. phosphate.
  2. carbohydrate.
  3. amino acids.
  4. nitrogenous bases.

back 35

3. amino acids.

front 36

What nucleotide is a universal form of energy for cells?

  1. ATP
  2. glucose
  3. ribose
  4. deoxyribose

back 36

  1. ATP

front 37

The peptide bond is a type of covalent bond that forms

  1. in DNA.
  2. only if ions are present.
  3. between amino acids.
  4. within water molecules.

back 37

3. between amino acids.

front 38

In the formation of proteins, ______react with one another to form a linkage called a(n) ______.

  1. fatty acids, peptide bond
  2. glycerol molecules, ionic bond
  3. amino acids, ionic bond
  4. amino acids, peptide bond

back 38

4. amino acids, peptide bond

front 39

Which one of the following is not associated with proteins?

  1. Nitrogen-containing amino acids
  2. Peptide bonds
  3. Primary and secondary structures
  4. Saturated fatty acids

back 39

4. Saturated fatty acids

front 40

There are ________ amino acids that build proteins.

  1. four
  2. twelve
  3. twenty
  4. sixty four

back 40

3. twenty

front 41

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is referred to as its

  1. primary structure.
  2. secondary structure.
  3. tertiary structure.
  4. quaternary structure.

back 41

  1. primary structure.

front 42

Which one of the following is not found in the secondary structure of proteins?

  1. Random coil
  2. Pleated sheet
  3. Disulfide bridge
  4. Alpha helix

back 42

3. Disulfide bridge

front 43

The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by the folding back on itself and forming of ionic and hydrogen bonds between the

  1. amino groups
  2. R groups
  3. phosphate groups
  4. carboxyl groups

back 43

2. R groups

front 44

A denatured protein is one that

  1. has lost its three dimensional structure.
  2. has reverted to a carbohydrate.
  3. lacks amino acids.
  4. lacks covalent bonds.

back 44

  1. has lost its three dimensional structure.

front 45

Which of the following organic elements is the most abundant in microorganisms?

  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. protein
  4. nucleic acids

back 45

3. protein