front 1 Describe the three meanings of discoloration as it pertains to embalmers. | back 1
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front 2 What are the three general types of jaundice? | back 2 toxic, hemolytic, obstructive |
front 3 When embalming the jaundiced body, what factor takes precedence over all others? | back 3 preservation |
front 4 This is defined as an elevation of the epidermis containing a watery liquid. | back 4 blister |
front 5 List and describe the three categories of burns. | back 5 1st: skin surface is red, only surface epithelium involved 2nd: skin blisters and edema, destruction of deep layers of epidermis and upper layers of dermis 3rd: tissues charred, epidermis, dermis and epidermal derivatives destroyed |
front 6 Define/describe cyanosis. | back 6 a blush color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood |
front 7 Define exsanguination | back 7 excessive blood loss to the point of death |
front 8 List several different embalming treatments for a jaundiced body. | back 8 Use of jaundice fluid, pre injection fluid, mild arterial solution, cavity fluid as arterial fluid |
front 9 Give a detailed description of how jaundice occurs. | back 9 the conversion of bilirubin to biliverdin in the presence of a strong acidic environment (high HCHO) |
front 10 What is meant by the term "reaction controlled fluids"? | back 10 able to be distributed throughout body and diffuse into tissue spaces before chemical reaction with proteins of the body |
front 11 Describe Tardieu spots | back 11 minute petechial hemorrhages caused by rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into dependent areas of organs and tissues |
front 12 List some examples of extravascular blood discolorations. | back 12 ecchymosis, purpura, petechia, hematoma, postmortem stain, tardieu spots |
front 13 Why should the head and shoulders of the dead human body always be elevated? | back 13 to help drain the blood from upper tissues; blood from heart could settle in the head if not elevated |
front 14 How can liver mortis be an advantage to the embalmer? | back 14 the breaking and clearing of liver mortis indicates that fluid has been distributed into those tissues |
front 15 In a case of renal failure/jaundice, how is ammonia formed and what is its significance to the embalmer? | back 15 urea in the blood system converted to ammonia; ammonia neutralizes formaldehyde |
front 16 Define a skin lesion | back 16 any traumatic or pathological change in the structure of the skin |
front 17 What is one of the major problems encountered by the embalmer in preparing a body with diabetes mellitus? | back 17 poor peripheral circulation |
front 18 What are the 4 categories of skin lesions? | back 18
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front 19 What is meant by the term "exanthematous" or "exanthema"? | back 19 a skin eruption accompanying certain infectious diseases; or a disease such as measles or scarlet fever, accompanied by a skin eruption |
front 20 What is another term for skin slip? | back 20 desquamation |
front 21 Describe the classic discoloration associated with carbon monoxide poisoning and its cause. | back 21 a "cherry red" color brought about by carboxyhemoglobin, a component of the blood |
front 22 On a casketed body, what is a good way to detract from eye problems with may have occurred? | back 22 use of glasses |
front 23 Describe the theory behind the conversion of yellow jaundice to green jaundice. Include the chemical process and compounds involved. | back 23 Oxidation reaction; the conversion of bilirubin to biliverdin in presence of strong acidic environment. |
front 24 Describe how Formaldehyde gray occurs. | back 24 Failure to remove as much blood out of the body as possible, remaining blood mixes with preservative fluids and makes a dark gray color |
front 25 List some examples of surface discolorations and when they should be cleared. | back 25 Blood, butadiene, adhesive tape marks, paint, tobacco bars - clean prior to injection because pores of skin are easier to clean at that time. |
front 26 List four examples of pathological discolorations. | back 26 gangrene, jaundice, tumors, meningitis |
front 27 What are the classic colors of dehydration? | back 27 yellow, brown, and black |
front 28 What are the "warm" areas of the hands and face? | back 28 lips, cheeks, base of chin, nose, ears |
front 29 What are some causes of dehydration? | back 29 injection of too much arterial solution, use of arterial solution that is too strong, continuous or concurrent daring, passage of air over the body |
front 30 Why is cavity embalming important in cases of renal failure? | back 30 bleeding will often occur in gastrointestinal tract - excellent medium for bacterial growth and potential for purge |
front 31 Regarding generalized edema, what are the two main objectives of the embalmer? | back 31 1) inject solution of sufficient strength and volume to counteract the secondary dilution that occurs in tissues 2) removes as much edema from tissues as possible |
front 32 What is one of the leading causes of a postmortem loss of moisture? | back 32 refrigeration |
front 33 Generally speaking, will thoroughly embalmed tissues dehydrate more or less than under-embalmed tissues? | back 33 less |
front 34 Discuss the effect of water temperature on embalming fluid reaction. | back 34 As temperature rises: surface tension value of solution decreases, solution penetrates tissues more rapidly, chemical reactions quicker, firming occurs faster |
front 35 What is another term for extreme dehydration? | back 35 desiccation |
front 36 Define Edema | back 36 abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces, body cavities, or both. |
front 37 Describe Pitting Edema | back 37 condition in which interstitial spaces contain such excessive amounts of fluid that the skin remains depressed after palpation |
front 38 What are three body sites where edema can be found? | back 38 Cellular edema, Intercellular edema, Edema of body cavities |
front 39 What is another term for generalized edema? | back 39 Anasarca |
front 40 List 5 types of "body cavity" edema and describe where they occur. | back 40 Ascites: abdominal (peritoneal) cavity Hydrothorax: plural cavity Hydrocephalus: cranial cavity Hydropericardium: pericardial sac surrounding the heart Hydrocele: tunica vaginalis testis of the scrotum |
front 41 This type of edema does NOT respond to embalming treatments and is frequently seen in facial tissues when corticosteroids have been administered. | back 41 Cellular edema (solid edema) |
front 42 In a normal 160 lbs. adult male, what percentage of body weight does total body water constitute? | back 42 55-60% |
front 43 Under what conditions is edema said to be established? | back 43 When there is a 10% increase in total body water |
front 44 What is one simple way to maintain the proper moisture level during the embalming process? | back 44 follow dilution recommendation on label of arterial fluid |
front 45 List some recommended treatments that will maintain moisture or add moisture to dehydrated bodies. | back 45 use of moderate arterial solution in large volume, slow injection, use of connection, use of humectant, use of large amounts of fluid, intermittent or alternate drainage, application of massage cream |
front 46 Why should one avoid excessive massaging of the hands, neck and face on a dehydrated body? | back 46 it removes tissue moisture and arterial solution from the area |
front 47 After embalming, how could done use gravity as a method of treating edema of the head, face, and neck? | back 47 place body on cot for several hours with head end fully elevated and food end fully lowered |
front 48 What is the theory behind using a very large volume of a mild or average (standard) arterial solution to treat generalized edema? | back 48 washes out good portion of edema |
front 49 List the 6 types of arterial solutions recommended in treating edema. | back 49 very large volume of mild/average arterial solution very strong/astringent solution special purpose/high index fluid designed for edema addition of dehydrating co-injection chemicals use of epsom salts in arterial solution |
front 50 How is ascites affected by the arterial solution and blood drainage? | back 50 it is unaffected by arterial fluid and blood daring because it is located within the cavity around the visceral organs |
front 51 Briefly describe how Epsom salts work on edema. | back 51 creates a hypertonic solution which sets up an osmotic gradient that draws the edema from the tissue spaces toward this concentrated salt solution in the capillaries |
front 52 Describe the suggested arterial solution/technique using Epsom salts. | back 52 fill container with 1/2 gallon of cool water, add as much epsom salt as can be dissolved, add 4-6 oz of high index arterial fluid, massage downward |
front 53 In what situation does the epsom salt solution work best? In what situation does it NOT work well? | back 53 works with intercellular (pitting) edema, NOT with cellular (solid) edema |
front 54 How could a trocar be used to treat facial edema? | back 54 pass small needle through cribriform plate |
front 55 Describe the appearance of desiccated lips and fingertips. | back 55 lips: appear black, very wrinkled and shrunken fingers: skin becomes like parchment and turns yellow-brown |
front 56 List some embalming techniques used to keep a good balance of moisture in the body? | back 56
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front 57 What are the 3 layers of an artery? | back 57 Intima: inner layer Media: middle layer Adventitia: outer layer |
front 58 Define canalization. | back 58 formation of new channels in a tissue |
front 59 This term describes blood clots attached the inner wall of a blood vessel. | back 59 thrombi |
front 60 What is a mycotic infection? | back 60 infection caused by a fungus |
front 61 What is an atheroma and how might it affect the placement of the cannula? | back 61 a patchy or nodular thickening of the intimate of an artery - incision should be made where the artery is soft, a smaller cannula should be used to avoid damage to the lumen |
front 62 Describe a febrile disease and how it can affect the vascular system. | back 62 disease accompanied by elevation of body temperature - may speed decomposition, lead to dehydration, coagula, drainage difficulties and swelling of small vessels and tissues on injection |
front 63 This is the term for narrowing of a blood vessel. | back 63 Vasoconstriction |
front 64 What should be done if not drainage occurs in a case of an aortic aneurysm? | back 64 stop injection and being multi-point injection |
front 65 What other problematic condition can occur when an aortic aneurysm has been surgically repaired? | back 65 severe facial edema |
front 66 This term refers to pressure on the outside of an artery or vein. | back 66 extravascular resistance |
front 67 How might an embalmer treat resistance brought about by visceral weight? | back 67 above and below heart injection and daring points can be employed |
front 68 This term describes hardening of the arteries | back 68 arteriosclerosis |
front 69 The term used to describe inflammation of a vein. | back 69 phlebitis |
front 70 This is a disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. | back 70 syphilis |
front 71 List and describe the three types of arteriosclerosis. | back 71 1) inner wall hardened and thickened but lumen well defined 2) lumen reduced in size and pushed to one side of the artery 3) artery completely occluded |
front 72 The term used to describe a detached blood clot. | back 72 embolus |
front 73 What is ischemia? | back 73 restriction in blood supply generally resulting in damage or dysfunction of tissue |
front 74 The term describing an increase in red blood cells. | back 74 Polycythemia |
front 75 The condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the organs of the body. | back 75 congestive heart failure |
front 76 When embalming a case of an aortic aneurysm, what would little or no drainage indicated? | back 76 loss of embalming solution into thoracic or abdominal cavity |
front 77 Which artery is most likely to be affected by arteriosclerosis? | back 77 femoral |
front 78 A condition caused by poor arterial circulation into an area of the body, causing death of body cells. | back 78 dry gangrene |
front 79 A condition caused by occlusion of veins draining a body area that becomes the site of bacterial infection. | back 79 wet gangrene |
front 80 A term describing the localized dilation of an artery. | back 80 aneurysm |
front 81 What is a main embalming concern of diabetes? | back 81 poor circulation due to arteriosclerosis |
front 82 Of the two types of gangrene, which type cannot be treated arterially? | back 82 dry |
front 83 List some potential complications of congestive heart failure. | back 83 blood congested in right side of heart, neck veins become engorged with blood, lips ears and fingers often cyanotic, generalized pitting edema, edema of legs/feet and ascites may be present |
front 84 With regard to fluid injection, how might an embalmer avoid dislodging coagulation in the vascular system? | back 84 inject with a slow rate of flow |
front 85 The term which describes an endocrine disease affecting the control of blood glucose levels. | back 85 diabetes |
front 86 In cases of advanced decomposition, what are one of the last "organs" to decompose? | back 86 arteries |
front 87 This is the organism responsible for the formation of tissue gas and gas gangrene. | back 87 clostridium perfringens |
front 88 Describe subcutaneous emphysema. | back 88 dissension of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air; an antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma; e.g.: CPR that breaks a rib which punctures a lung, allowing air to escape into the body cavity. |
front 89 What are the five gases that are found in the dead human body and case distension? | back 89
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front 90 the term used to describe a blister filled with serous fluid which is usually caused by tissue gas. | back 90 bleb |
front 91 What are the two categories of facial trauma? | back 91 -injuries in which the skin is broken -injuries in which the skin is not broken |
front 92 List some signs of renal failure. | back 92 sallow color to the skin, excoriations on the skin from repetitive scratching due to uremic pruritus, distinct odor from increased amount of urea, ammonia, edema, etc. |
front 93 The term used to define the postmortem evacuation of any substance from any external orifice of the body. | back 93 purge |
front 94 There term used to describe a severe systemic itching sensation affecting kidney dialysis patients. | back 94 pruritis |
front 95 What are four ways that pressure responsible for purge can develop? | back 95 gas, visceral expansion, arterial solution, ascites/hydrothorax |
front 96 What two factors are needed for purge to occur? | back 96 -a substance to purge -pressure on an organ to evacuate the material |
front 97 How should the embalmer proceed when arterial solution is present in purge and drainage has stopped? | back 97 a sectional injection will need to be implemented because a major fluid loss is taking place & distribution is not happening |
front 98 List three types of mycotic infections. | back 98 Aspergillosis, Phycomycosis, Histoplasmosis |
front 99 List two precautions all embalmers should take when a mycotic infection is suspected. | back 99 -do not compress the abdominal or thoracic cavity -handle bodies with gloves -use a sporicidal arterial fluid |
front 100 When positioning an obese case, why is keeping the head high important? | back 100 easier to raise vessels and helps prevent purge |
front 101 This type of gas usually stops when tissues are properly embalmed. | back 101 decomposition gases |
front 102 With regard to renal failure, how much more preservative chemical than normal is needed to achieve preservation? | back 102 6x more preservative chemical |
front 103 What ingredient of stomach purge can dry and discolor the skin? | back 103 hydrochloric acid |
front 104 Define saprophytic fungi. | back 104 obtains nourishment from dead organic material |
front 105 Why is disinfection of instruments so important after treating cases of tissue gas and gas gangrene? | back 105 clostridium perfringens can be passed form one body to another via contaminated instruments |
front 106 This is a fatal disease caused by contamination of a wound infection by a toxin-forming, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. | back 106 gas gangrene |
front 107 How should the embalmer proceed if arterial solution is present in purge and drainage is occurring? | back 107 continue injecting until the preservative demand is met |
front 108 In the dead human body, what two factors are responsible for decomposition? | back 108 bacteria and autolytic enzymes |
front 109 How would an embalmer create a "barrier" between an extremity exhibiting tissue gas and the rest of the body? | back 109 by hypodermically injecting undiluted cavity fluid after sectional embalming is completed |
front 110 Why might an embalmer raise the iliac artery to inject the leg of an obese case? | back 110 it is more superficial than the femoral artery; arteries in obese cases can be quite small |
front 111 The term used to describe an agent having an affinity for metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium. | back 111 chelating agent |
front 112 The term defined as the amount of radioactive material in which 37 million atoms disintegrate each second. | back 112 milicurie |
front 113 What are the two main classes of chemotherapeutic agents? | back 113 cytotoxic, antimetabolite |
front 114 These are specialized proteins that break down other proteins. | back 114 enzymes |
front 115 What is the term for the treatment of disease with chemical agents and drugs? | back 115 chemotherapy |
front 116 Which organ would a nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agent adversely affect? | back 116 kidney; cause a breakdown in kidney function |
front 117 Describe how a chelating chemotherapeutic agent affects the cell membrane. | back 117 they have an affinity for metallic ions (particularly calcium and magnesium) and tend to lodge in the cell membrane, creating an impenetrable layer of calcium around the cell |
front 118 With regard to embalming complications, what is the main effect of corticosteroids? | back 118 they block the cell membrane by decreasing its permeability |
front 119 This is the term describing the physical wasting with loss of weight and muscle mass caused by disease. | back 119 cachexia |
front 120 Describe the difference between the two general classes of chemotherapeutic agents. | back 120 Cytotoxic drugs: act directly on (tumor) cells to bring about their death Antimetabolite drugs: substitute for an essential metabolite required by (cancer) cells for growth (depriving tumor cells of nutrition) |
front 121 What are the five general classes of tranquilizers and mood-altering drugs? | back 121
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front 122 What are the two types of chemotherapeutic agents used to control diabetes? (Include their "market" names as well.) | back 122 Tolbutamide (orniase) Chlorpropomide (diabinase) |
front 123 List some problems caused by the use of corticosteroids. | back 123 cell membrane less permeable, fluid retention, mild to severe water logging of tissues, "protects" proteolysis enzymes, gastrointestinal ulcerations and perforations of the gut, disseminated tuberculosis |
front 124 List some problems caused by antibiotics. | back 124 cotton-like circulatory blockages (fungal growth), jaundice, bleeding into the skin, poor penetration |
front 125 How might an embalmer restore permeability to cell membranes affected by corticosteroids? | back 125 use of a pre injection will restore some permeability; the surface-acting chemicals (surfactants) will facilitate entry of the preservative into the cells |
front 126 This is the body's main center of detoxification. | back 126 liver - the hepatic circulation system |
front 127 What are two ways embalming renders proteins resistance to catalytic enzymes? | back 127 -treating the proteins so they aren't susceptible to enzymes -rendering the enzymes inactive so they cannot act on other proteins |
front 128 When re-embaling the unautopsied body, why might a multi-point injection by required? | back 128 because cavity embalming already completed disrupts the vascular system |
front 129 When storing a casketed body for delayed viewing, should the casket be sealed or unsealed and why? | back 129 casket should be left unsealed because sealing the casket encourages mold growth |
front 130 List some reasons for a delayed viewing. | back 130 family needs to make travel arrangements, difficulty in locating the family, remains are being shipped to a different country, family members are waiting for someone to be released from the hospital |
front 131 What are two major concerns in long-term storage at a medical school? | back 131 dessication and mold |
front 132 Define a common carrier. | back 132 any carrier required by law to convey passengers or freight without refusal if the approved fare or charge is paid; travels according to a set schedule |
front 133 What are the three categories of shipping? | back 133
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front 134 Define a private carrier. | back 134 an individual or company that transports only in particular instances and only for those whom it chooses to contract |
front 135 What are some occasions in which re-embalming would be necessary? | back 135
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front 136 What are three major factors that affect the degree and length of preservation? | back 136
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front 137 What are some objectives accomplished by long-term preservation? | back 137 families have assurance of professionally prepared loved one and subsequent peace of mind; greater value, function and purpose of protective products surrounding the deceased |
front 138 Describe the differences between an air try and a combination air tray. | back 138 Air tray: for casketed remains only the bottom is wood; side, ends and top are made of heavy-grade cardboard Combination Air tray: wood-based container with sides, ends and inside top all made of wood with an exterior cardboard covering |
front 139 List some responsibilities of a shipping funeral home. | back 139
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front 140 Why should a casket not be completely sealed before shipment on a commercial airliner? | back 140 to allow for air pressure changes inside cargo hold of the airplane |
front 141 How would a funeral director obtain the regulations required to ship a body to a foreign country? | back 141 notify local consulate of foreign country and obtain regulations |
front 142 According to the text, how long might a funeral director expect the processing of international shipping to take? | back 142 5 to 14 business days |
front 143 This is the term used to describe a container that is airtight and impervious to external influence; or one that is completely sealed by fusion or soldering. | back 143 hermetically sealed |
front 144 What are some (generally) required documents needed for international shipping? | back 144
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front 145 List some responsibilities of a receiving funeral home. | back 145
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front 146 What are some embalming restrictions when shipping to Israel? | back 146 Israel does not require embalming, but if embalmed, the remains must be embalmed by the gravity method and no drainage taken |