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Exercise 29A: Blood

front 1

WHAT IS THE BLOOD VOLUME OF AN AVERAGE MALE?

back 1

5 - 6 LITERS

front 2

WHAT IS THE BLOOD VOLUME OF AN AVERAGE FEMALE?

back 2

4 - 5 LITERS

front 3

WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER BLOOD IS BRIGHT RED OR DULL BRICK RED?

back 3

CIRCULATING BLOOD IS A RATHER VISCOUS SUBSTANCE THAT VARIES IN COLOR DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IT IS CARRYING. THE HIGHER THE OXYGEN LEVELS THE BRIGHTER THE COLOR.

front 4

MOST NUMEROUS LEUKOCYTE

back 4

NEUTROPHIL

front 5

GRANULOCYTES (3)

back 5

NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL

front 6

ALSO CALLED AN ERYTHROCYTE; ANUCLEATE FORMED ELEMENT

back 6

RED BLOOD CELL

front 7

ACTIVELY PHAGOCYTIC LEUKOCYTES (2)

back 7

NEUTROPHIL, MONOCYTE

front 8

AGRANULOCYTES (2)

back 8

LYMPHOCYTE, MONOCYTE

front 9

ANCESTRAL CELL OF PLATELETS

back 9

MEGAKARYOCYTE

front 10

RED BLOOD CELL, MEGAKARYOCYTE, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL, MONOCYTE, NEUTROPHIL, AND LYMPHOCYTE ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF?

back 10

FORMED ELEMENTS

front 11

NUMBER RISES DURING PARASITE INFECTIONS

back 11

EOSINOPHIL

front 12

RELEASES HISTAMINE; PROMOTES INFLAMMATION

back 12

BASOPHIL

front 13

MANY FORMED IN LYMPHOID TISSUE

back 13

LYMPHOCYTE

front 14

TRANSPORTS OXYGEN

back 14

RED BLOOD CELL

front 15

Ok, so you’re using my notecards which is great. I am glad I could help you out cause I wish I had someone to help me out when I took this course. I know Anatomy is super hard.

back 15

I only ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join Easy Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. Thanks and don’t forget to rate my helpfulness!

front 16

PRIMARILY WATER, NONCELLULAR; THE FLUID MATRIX OF BLOOD

back 16

PLASMA

front 17

INCREASES IN NUMBER DURING PROLONGED INFECTIONS

back 17

MONOCYTE

front 18

THE FIVE TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS

back 18

MEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, BASOPHIL, LYMPHOCYTE, MONOCYTE

front 19

LIST FOUR CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.

back 19

AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSE, FATTY ACIDS AND VITAMINS

front 20

NAME TWO GASES NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.

back 20

CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN

front 21

NAME THREE IONS NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.

back 21

SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM

front 22

DESCRIBE THE CONSISTENCY AND AND COLOR OF THE PLASMA YOU OBSERVED IN THE LABORATORY.

back 22

PLASMA IS A (SLIPPERY) GELATINOUS FLUID UNLIKE WATER; HAS A STRAW LIKE COLOR TO IT (YELLOW)

front 23

WHAT IS THE AVERAGE LIFE SPAN OF A RED BLOOD CELL? HOW DOES ITS ANUCLEATE CONDITION AFFECT THIS LIFE SPAN?

back 23

DURATION OF DEVELOPMENT ABOUT 15 DAYS; LIFE SPAN 100 - 120 DAYS. BECAUSE ITS ANUCLEATE THEY ARE UNABLE TO REPRODUCE OR REPAIR DAMAGE CAUSED TO IT DURING CIRCULATION.

front 24

FROM MEMORY, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD CELL TYPES AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, AND NOTE THE PERCENTAGE OF EACH IN THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL POPULATION.
(EOSINOPHIL)

back 24

(2% - 4%) BILOBE NUCLEUS, CONTAINS LARGE CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES (ELABORATE LYSOSOMES), STAINS RED-ORANGE.

front 25

FROM MEMORY, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD CELL TYPES AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, AND NOTE THE PERCENTAGE OF EACH IN THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL POPULATION
(NEUTROPHIL)

back 25

(50% - 70%) NUCLEUS CONSISTS OF 3 TO 6 LOBES AND PALE LILAC CYTOPLASM CONTAINS FINE CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES.

front 26

FROM MEMORY, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD CELL TYPES AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, AND NOTE THE PERCENTAGE OF EACH IN THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL POPULATION
(LYMPHOCYTES)

back 26

(25% OR MORE) NUCLEUS SPHERICAL OR SLIGHTLY INDENTED, ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF CELLS MASS. CYTOPLASM APPEARS AS A THIN BLUE RIM AROUND NUCLEUS.

front 27

FROM MEMORY, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD CELL TYPES AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, AND NOTE THE PERCENTAGE OF EACH IN THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL POPULATION
(BASOPHIL)

back 27

(LESS THAN 1%) LARGE U OR S SHAPED NUCLEUS WITH 2 OR MORE INDENTATIONS. CYTOPLASM HAS COURSE, SPARSE GRANULES.

front 28

FROM MEMORY, DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD CELL TYPES AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, AND NOTE THE PERCENTAGE OF EACH IN THE TOTAL WHITE BLOOD CELL POPULATION
(MONOCYTES)

back 28

(3% - 8%) KIDNEY SHAPED NUCLEUS, HAS ABUNDANT CYTOPLASM (STAINS GREY-BLUE)

front 29

ABNORMAL INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF WBCs

back 29

LEUKOCYTOSIS

front 30

ABNORMAL INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF RBCs

back 30

POLYCYTHEMIA

front 31

CONDITION OF TOO FEW RBCs OR OF RBCs WITH HEMOGLOBIN DEFICIENCIES

back 31

ANEMIA

front 32

ABNORMAL DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF WBCs

back 32

LEUKOPENIA

front 33

BROADLY SPEAKING WHY ARE HEMATOLOGIC STUDIES OF BLOOD SO IMPORTANT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE?

back 33

THE HEMATOLOGIC IS IMPORTANT IN DIAGNOSING DISEASES BECAUSE BLOOD COMPOSITION REFLECTS THE HEALTH STATUS OF MANY BODY FUNCTIONS.

front 34

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 1: TOTAL WBC COUNT

back 34

NORMAL VALUES:5,000 - 10,000/ UL OF BLOOD
HIGH VALUES: LEUKOCYTOSIS
LOW VALUES: LEUKOPENIA

front 35

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 2: TOTAL RBC COUNT

back 35

NORMAL VALUES: 4.2 - 6.2 MILLION/ UL OF BLOOD
HIGH VALUES: ERYTHROCYTOSIS
LOW VALUES: ANEMIA

front 36

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 3: HEMATOCRIT

back 36

NORMAL VALUES: 47 + / - 7
HIGH VALUES: ERYTHROCYTOSIS
LOW VALUES: ANEMIA

front 37

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 4: HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION

back 37

NORMAL VALUES: 14 - 18G/100 ML OF BLOOD
HIGH VALUES: ERYTHROCYTOSIS
LOW VALUES: ANEMIA

front 38

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 5: BLEEDING TIME

back 38

NORMAL VALUES: 2 - 7 MIN (I.V. METHOD)/ 3 - 5 MIN (DUKE METHOD)
HIGH VALUES: DIC - (CLOTTING DISORDER)
LOW VALUES: VONWILLEBRAND DISEASE - (CLOTTING DISORDER)

front 39

RECORD NORMAL VALUES FOR HEALTHY MALE ADULTS AND INDICATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH OR LOW VALUES FOR EACH TEST.
TEST 6: COAGULATION TIME

back 39

NORMAL VALUES: 2 - 6 MINUTES
HIGH VALUES: CLOTTING DECREASED
LOW VALUES: CLOTTING INCREASED

front 40

WHY IS A DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT MORE VALUEABLE THAN A TOTAL WBC COUNT WHEN TRYING TO PIN DOWN THE SPECIFIC SOURCE OF PATHOLOGY?

back 40

A DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT IS MORE VALUEABLE BECAUSE ANY ABNORMAL COUNT (INCREASE/DECREASE) OF ANY OF THE WBC'S CAN INDICATE A PROBLEM OR THE SOURCE OF PATHOLOGY.
EX. INCREASED NEUTROPHIL COULD MEAN BACTERIAL INFECTION

front 41

WHAT NAME IS GIVEN TO THE PROCESS OF RBC PRODUCTION?

back 41

ERYTHROPOIESIS

front 42

WHAT HORMONE ACTS AS A STIMULUS FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS?

back 42

GLYCOPROTEIN (ERYTHROPOIETIN)

front 43

WHY MIGHT PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE SUFFER FROM ANEMIA? HOW CAN SUCH PATIENTS BE TREATED?

back 43

BECAUSE ITS THE KIDNEYS THAT RELEASE ERYTHROPOITIN TO STIMULATE BONE MARROW TO MAKE MORE RBCs. IF THE KIDNEYS WERE NOT FUNCTIONING RIGHT RBCs WILL BE REDUCED CAUSING ANEMIA.
TREATMENT: EPO & IRON SUPPLEMENTS

front 44

DISCUSS THE EFFECT OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS ON RBC COUNT.

LONG-TERM EFFECT OF ATHLETIC TRAINING (FOR EXAMPLE, RUNNING 4 TO 5 MILES PER DAY OVER A PERIOD OF SIX TO NINE MONTHS)

back 44

A ENDURANCE TRAINING ENLARGES YOUR BLOOD VOLUME RESULTING IN A LOWER RBC PER UNIT. THIS IS KNOWN AS SPORTS ANEMIA.

front 45

DISCUSS THE EFFECT OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS ON RBC COUNT.

A PERMANENT MOVE FROM SEA LEVEL TO A HIGH ALTITUDE AREA

back 45

ANY PROLONGED PERIOD OF OXYGEN DEPRIVATION RESULTS IN INCREASED RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. SINCE THERE IS LESS OXYGEN THE HIGHER YOU ARE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, YOUR RBC COUNT WOULD INCREASE.

front 46

DEFINE HEMATOCRIT

back 46

PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)% OCCUPIED BY ERYTHROCYTES.

front 47

IF YOU HAD A HIGH HEMATOCRIT, WOULD YOU EXPECT YOUR HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION TO BE HIGH OR LOW? WHY?

back 47

HIGH; THE MORE ERYTHROCYTES YOU HAVE MEANS YOU WILL HAVE MORE HEMOGLOBIN NEEDED FOR OXYGEN BONDING.

front 48

WHAT IS AN ANTICOAGULANT?

back 48

AGENT THAT PREVENTS COAGULATION

front 49

NAME TWO ANTICOAGULANTS USED IN CONDUCTING THE HEMATOLOGIC TESTS.

back 49

HEPARIN AND ETHYLENEDIAMINETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA); CAN ALSO USE SODIUM CITRATE.

front 50

WHAT IS THE BODYS NATURAL ANTICOAGULANT?

back 50

THERE IS MORE THEN ONE, BUT HEPARIN IS THE ONE MOST HEARD OF. OTHER 2 ARE ANTI THROMBIN AND PROSTACYCLIN.

front 51

IF YOUR BLOOD CLUMPED WITH BOTH ANTI-A AND ANTI-B SERA, YOUR ABO BLOOD TYPE WOULD BE?

back 51

AB BLOOD TYPE

front 52

IF YOU WERE AB BLOOD TYPE:
TO WHAT ABO BLOOD GROUPS COULD YOU GIVE BLOOD?

back 52

AB BLOOD TYPE

front 53

IF YOU WERE AB BLOOD TYPE:
FROM WHICH ABO DONOR TYPES COULD YOU RECEIVE BLOOD?

back 53

ALL DONOR TYPES

front 54

WHICH ABO BLOOD TYPE IS MOST COMMON?

back 54

O BLOOD TYPE

front 55

WHICH ABO BLOOD TYPE IS THE LEAST COMMON?

back 55

AB BLOOD TYPE

front 56

WHAT BLOOD TYPE IS THEORETICALLY CONSIDERED THE UNIVERSAL DONOR? WHY?

back 56

TYPE O BLOOD; BECAUSE THEY CAN USUALLY GIVE BLOOD TO THE OTHER ABO BLOOD TYPES WITHOUT CAUSING AN ABO TRANSFUSION REACTION.

front 57

ASSUME THE BLOOD OF TWO PATIENTS HAS BEEN TYPED FOR ABO BLOOD TYPE. ON THE BASIS OF THESE RESULTS, MR. ADAMS HAS TYPE _1_ BLOOD, AND MR. CALHOON HAS TYPE _2_ BLOOD.

back 57

1. O
2. A

front 58

EXPLAIN WHY AN RH-NEGATIVE PERSON DOES NOT HAVE A TRANSFUSION REACTION ON THE FIRST EXPOSURE TO RH-POSITIVE BLOOD BUT DOES HAVE A REACTION ON THE SECOND EXPOSURE.

back 58

RH ANTIGENS OF DONOR SENSITIZES THE RECIPIENT ON THE FIRST TIME, THE SECOND TIME IT DOES NOT SENSITIZE AND A REACTION WILL OCCUR.

front 59

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ABO BLOOD TYPE IS MISMATCHED FOR THE FIRST TIME?

back 59

ANTIBODIES BIND TOGETHER CAUSING BLOOD TO CLUMP UP, AND THE BLOOD WILL NOT WORK PROPERLY.

front 60

RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIVE DEMONSTRATION SLIDES VIEWED.

A. MACROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

back 60

THE RED BLOOD CELL WOULD APPEAR LARGER THEN NORMAL (E.G. FROM VITAMIN B-12 DEFICIENCY) AND PALER THAN NORMAL (NOT AS RED APPEARING)

front 61

RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIVE DEMONSTRATION SLIDES VIEWED.

B. MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

back 61

VERY MUCH SMALLER THAN THE AVERAGE RED BLOOD CELL AND PINK IN COLOR DUE TO LOW HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BODY

front 62

RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIVE DEMONSTRATION SLIDES VIEWED.

C. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

back 62

SICKLE CELL LOOK LIKE DEFORMED RED BLOOD CELLS WHEN DIAGNOSED WITH SICKLE CELL, THEY LOOK THEIR SHAPE AND FORM INTO A C-SHAPED CELL

front 63

RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIVE DEMONSTRATION SLIDES VIEWED.

D. LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CHRONIC)

back 63

CELLS ARE ALOT LARGER, HAVE A MEMBRANE THAT IS VERY LARGE AND MISSHAPED

front 64

RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIVE DEMONSTRATION SLIDES VIEWED.

E. EOSINOPHILIA

back 64

LARGER THEN A RBC, ROUND, MEMBRANE IS BI-LOBED

front 65

IRON-DEFICIENT DIET

back 65

MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA

front 66

A TYPE OF BONE MARROW CANCER

back 66

LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CHRONIC)

front 67

A TAPEWORM INFESTATION IN THE BODY

back 67

EOSINOPHILIA

front 68

GENETIC DEFECT THAT CAUSES HEMOGLOBIN TO BECOME SHARP/SPIKY

back 68

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

front 69

A BLEEDING ULCER

back 69

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

front 70

PROVIDE THE NORMAL, OR AT LEAST "DESIREABLE," RANGE FOR PLASMA CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION

back 70

130 - 200 MG/100 ML

front 71

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, HEART ATTACKS, AND STROKES.

back 71

CHOLESTEROL IS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PLAQUES FORMED DURING ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ATHEROCLEROSIS IS A DISEASE PROCESS IN WHICH THE BODY'S BLOOD VESSELS BECOME INCREASINGLY OCCLUDED BY PLAQUES. PLAQUES NARROW ARTERIES, AND CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERTENSION. THEY ALSO HELP IN THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOTS THAT BREAK AWAY AND BLOCK SMALLER VESSELS IN CULATORY PATHWAY AND CAUSES HEART ATTACKS OR STROKES