front 1 matter | back 1 anything that occupies space and has mass |
front 2 states of matter | back 2 solid, liquid, gas |
front 3 solid | back 3 has definite shape and volume |
front 4 liquid | back 4 has no definite shape and definite volume |
front 5 gas | back 5 has no definite shape and no definite volume |
front 6 energy | back 6 the capacity to do work or put matter into motion |
front 7 potential energy | back 7 stored energy; has the capability to do work but is not now doing so |
front 8 kinetic energy | back 8 energy in action |
front 9 forms of energy | back 9 chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant |
front 10 chemical | back 10 stored in the bonds of chemical substances (food molecules, ATP) |
front 11 electrical | back 11 movement of charged particles |
front 12 mechanical | back 12 energy directly involved in moving matter |
front 13 radiant | back 13 energy that travels in waves (electromagnetic spectrum) |
front 14 What is an element | back 14 unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical methods |
front 15 What are Physical properties | back 15 things that can be detected with our senses or measured (color, texture, boiling point) |
front 16 Chemical properties | back 16 describe how atoms react with other atoms |
front 17 An atom has three subatomic particles | back 17 protons, neutrons, and electrons |
front 18 The central nucleus of an atom is composed of? | back 18 protons and neutrons. |
front 19 How are the subatomic particles charged? | back 19 Protons are positively charged neutrons are neutral (no charge) Electrons Negatively charged |
front 20 Where are electrons located | back 20 orbiting the nucleus in an electron cloud |
front 21 Why does an atom have an overall neutral charge? | back 21 there are equal numbers of protons and electron |
front 22 What is an atomic nunber | back 22 number of protons in an element |
front 23 List the four major elements of the body | back 23 carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (96% of body weight) |
front 24 What are the most important minerals for the body? (9) | back 24 calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, and iron. |
front 25 What are the trace minerals needed? (11) | back 25 chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc |
front 26 molecule | back 26 combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds When the two atoms are identical the resulting substance is called a molecule of that element (H2 is a molecule of hydrogen gas). |
front 27 compound | back 27 when two or more different kinds of atoms bind they form molecules of a compound; chemically pure; all molecules identical (H2O is a compound – it is a molecule of water). |
front 28 mixtures | back 28 substances composed of two or more substances physically intermixed. |
front 29 solutions | back 29 homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. [air, seawater] |
front 30 solvent | back 30 substance in a solution present in the greatest amount (dissolving medium) [water] |
front 31 solute | back 31 substance in a solution present in smaller amounts (thing that is dissolved) [salt] |
front 32 The outermost energy level is called | back 32 valence shell |
front 33 Atoms are most stable when the outermost shell has | back 33 8 electrons (The exception to this is hydrogen and helium, which only have one energy level that is filled to capacity and is stable with only 2 electrons.) |
front 34 Atoms are neutral, but they can gain or lose electrons. When this happens an atom becomes an? | back 34 ion |
front 35 An ionic bond is a | back 35 chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. An example is sodium chloride (NaCl), table salt. |
front 36 A covalent bond is a | back 36 chemical bond formed between two atoms that are sharing a pair of electrons, each atom contributing one electron to the shared pair. |
front 37 If the atoms are shared equally then the resulting molecule is | back 37 nonpolar (hydrogen gas). |
front 38 a polar molecule | back 38 If one atom has a greater attraction for electrons (a property known as electronegativitiy), the electrons may be shared unequally (water) |
front 39 Hydrogen bonds form when | back 39 a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked with one electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen), is attracted by another electronegative atom and forms a bridge between them. |
front 40 synthesis reactions are | back 40 constructive (anabolic) and absorb/use energy (endergonic) |
front 41 decomposition reactions | back 41 break things down (catabolic) and release energy (exergonic) |
front 42 exchange reactions | back 42 break bonds and then re-form other bonds to make new compounds. |
front 43 Catalyst | back 43 speed up the reaction A catalyst is not chemically changed by the process and can be re-used |
front 44 Water has several important properties: | back 44
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front 45 Acids are | back 45 substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. (1-6.9) |
front 46 Bases | back 46 take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts and are characterized by the presence of hydroxyl ions (OH-) (7.1-14) |
front 47 Blood must maintain a pH in the range of | back 47 7.35-7.45 |
front 48 Carbohydrates include | back 48 sugars and starches they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
front 49 Monosaccharides are | back 49 simple sugars, example glucose (the major fuel source for the body). |
front 50 Disaccharides are | back 50 composed of two sugar units, for example table sugar or sucrose (glucose + fructose). |
front 51 Polysaccharides are | back 51 composed of many sugar units, for example starch (the storage carbohydrate of plant tissues) and glycogen (the storage carbohydrate of animal tissues). |
front 52 The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is | back 52 to serve as a source of cellular fuel |
front 53 Lipids are | back 53 insoluble in water, but dissolve readily in other lipids and organic solvents like alcohol. Lipids include neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
front 54 Tryglycerides are | back 54 neutral fats, composed of a backbone of glycerol with three attached fatty acid chains. Neutral fats provide the body’s most efficient and compact form for storing usable energy fuel |
front 55 Phospholipids are | back 55 similar to triglycerides except one fatty acid chain is replaced by a phosphate group. |
front 56 Proteins are composed of building blocks called | back 56 amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
front 57 peptides | back 57 Small chains of less than 50 amino acids |
front 58 Proteins are chains of | back 58 more than 50 amino acids and often will have 100-10,000 amino acids |
front 59 Fibrous proteins such as collagen make up a large part of | back 59 connective tissue |
front 60 Globular proteins include | back 60 hormones and enzymes |
front 61 Nucleic acids | back 61 DNA and RNA |
front 62 gene | back 62 provides the instructions for how to make a single protein chain |
front 63 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | back 63 is the genetic material |
front 64 RNA (ribonucleic acid) | back 64 assists in gene expression by carrying the code for a protein to the place in the cell that proteins are manufactured |
front 65 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is | back 65 a nucleotide which serves as the energy carrier molecule in the cell |