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A&P Ch21

front 1

In which region are the palatine tonsils found?

back 1

oropharynx

front 2

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

back 2

simple squamous epithelium

front 3

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

back 3

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

front 4

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

back 4

vital capacity

front 5

During inhalation,

back 5

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

front 6

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

back 6

Alveoli

front 7

Which statement is correct?

back 7

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

front 8

After blood becomes oxygenated,

back 8

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

front 9

Hemoglobin

back 9

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

front 10

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

back 10

matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

front 11

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

back 11

partial pressure of oxygen

front 12

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?

back 12

arterial blood carbon dioxide level

front 13

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

back 13

the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts

front 14

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.

back 14

intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure

front 15

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?

back 15

pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

front 16

Which of the following features characterizes the right lung?

back 16

presence of a superior, middle, and inferior lobe

front 17

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue?

back 17

bronchial arteries

front 18

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________.

back 18

hilum

front 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

back 19

routing air and food into proper channels

front 20

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

back 20

epiglottis

front 21

During the Valsalva's maneuver, what part of the larynx closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as to help with defecation?

back 21

glottis

front 22

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

back 22

arytenoid cartilages

front 23

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

back 23

serving as part of the respiratory zone

front 24

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

back 24

alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces

front 25

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

back 25

alveoli

front 26

Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order?

back 26

pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;

front 27

pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;

back 27

to destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx

front 28

Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?

back 28

pharynx

front 29

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

back 29

to assist in taste sensation

front 30

The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways."

back 30

epiglottis

front 31

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the __________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.

back 31

lobules

front 32

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the __________, and the __________ provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue.

back 32

pulmonary arteries; bronchial arteries

front 33

__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

back 33

Transpulmonary pressure

front 34

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

back 34

an active process; a passive process

front 35

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

back 35

lymphocytes

front 36

The tissue(s) and/or cells that may be affected during laryngitis ______.

back 36

is epithelial tissue

is connective tissue

are ciliated cells

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 37

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______.

back 37

dynein molecules

front 38

Tracheal obstruction by a large piece of food typically involves obstruction of the ______.

back 38

larynx

front 39

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

back 39

visceral pleura of the same lung

front 40

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

back 40

alveoli

front 41

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

back 41

The paranasal sinuses

front 42

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

back 42

alveoli

front 43

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

back 43

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

front 44

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

back 44

secrete surfactant

front 45

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

back 45

The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.

front 46

The larynx contains ________.

back 46

the thyroid cartilage

front 47

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

back 47

aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

front 48

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

back 48

alveoli

front 49

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

back 49

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

front 50

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

back 50

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

front 51

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

back 51

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

front 52

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

back 52

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

front 53

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

back 53

C-shaped cartilage rings

front 54

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

back 54

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

front 55

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

back 55

diaphragm and external intercostals

front 56

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

back 56

intrapleural pressure

front 57

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

back 57

epinephrine

front 58

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

back 58

lungs will collapse

front 59

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

back 59

intrapulmonary pressure

front 60

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

back 60

intrapleural pressure

front 61

Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg.

back 61

4 mm Hg

front 62

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

back 62

Boyle's law

front 63

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?

back 63

Ppul < Patm

front 64

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

back 64

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

front 65

What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male?

back 65

4800 ml

front 66

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

back 66

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

front 67

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

back 67

500 ml

front 68

Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?

back 68

anemic hypoxia

front 69

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

back 69

dissolved in plasma

front 70

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.

back 70

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

front 71

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

back 71

adrenal medulla

front 72

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

back 72

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

front 73

What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

back 73

intrapulmonary pressure change

front 74

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

back 74

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

front 75

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

back 75

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

front 76

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

back 76

friction

front 77

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

back 77

alveolar surface tension

front 78

Tidal volume is air ________.

back 78

exchanged during normal breathing

front 79

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

back 79

vital capacity

front 80

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

back 80

inspiratory reserve

front 81

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

back 81

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

front 82

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

back 82

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

front 83

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

back 83

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

front 84

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

back 84

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

front 85

Which of the following is not possible?

back 85

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

front 86

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

back 86

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

front 87

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

back 87

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

front 88

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

back 88

Boyle's law

front 89

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

back 89

rising CO2 levels

front 90

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?

back 90

costal cartilages

front 91

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

back 91

interstitial fluid

front 92

Emphysema can result in an ______.

back 92

increased level of carbaminohemoglobin

increased level of deoxyhemoglobin

increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 93

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

back 93

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

front 94

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

back 94

ventilation-perfusion coupling

front 95

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

back 95

blood pH adjustment

front 96

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

back 96

partial pressure gradient

front 97

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

back 97

diffusion

front 98

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

back 98

Dalton's law

front 99

Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known as ___________.

back 99

the Bohr effect

front 100

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

back 100

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

front 101

Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?

back 101

hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules

front 102

Hypoxia can be caused by ______.

back 102

hyposecretion of erythropoietin

front 103

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

back 103

as a bicarbonate ion in plasma

front 104

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

back 104

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

front 105

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

back 105

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

front 106

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

back 106

chloride shifting

front 107

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

back 107

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

front 108

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

back 108

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

front 109

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

back 109

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

front 110

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

back 110

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

front 111

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

back 111

number of red blood cells

front 112

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

back 112

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

front 113

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?

back 113

nitric oxide

front 114

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?

back 114

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

front 115

Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?

back 115

phrenic nerve

front 116

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?

back 116

H+ (hydrogen ions)

front 117

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH?

back 117

decreased pCO2 and increased pH

front 118

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?

back 118

pulmonary stretch receptors

front 119

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?

back 119

sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors

front 120

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?

back 120

respiratory muscles

front 121

Which of the following initiates inspiration?

back 121

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

front 122

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?`

back 122

15 breaths per minute

front 123

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?

back 123

pontine respiratory centers

front 124

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

back 124

rising carbon dioxide levels

front 125

Which of the following inhibits the respiration rate?

back 125

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

front 126

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

back 126

acidosis

front 127

Hypocapnia causes ______.

back 127

hypoxia

front 128

What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?

back 128

medullary respiratory centers

front 129

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing?

back 129

Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed.

front 130

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?

back 130

Respiratory rate will increase.

front 131

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

back 131

increase of carbon dioxide

front 132

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

back 132

rising blood pressure

front 133

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

back 133

medulla and pons

front 134

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

back 134

voluntary cortical control

front 135

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

back 135

diver holds his breath upon ascent

front 136

Which center is located in the pons?

back 136

pontine respirator group (PRG)

front 137

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

back 137

The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

front 138

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

back 138

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

front 139

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

back 139

Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.

front 140

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

back 140

Kaposi's sarcoma

front 141

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

back 141

emphysema

front 142

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

back 142

F

front 143

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

back 143

T

front 144

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

back 144

T

front 145

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

back 145

T

front 146

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

back 146

T

front 147

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

back 147

F

front 148

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

back 148

T

front 149

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

back 149

T

front 150

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

back 150

T

front 151

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

back 151

F

front 152

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

back 152

T

front 153

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

back 153

T

front 154

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

back 154

T

front 155

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

back 155

F

front 156

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

back 156

T

front 157

The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.

back 157

T

front 158

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

back 158

T

front 159

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

back 159

T

front 160

The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs.

back 160

F

front 161

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

back 161

T

front 162

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

back 162

F

front 163

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

back 163

F

front 164

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).

back 164

F

front 165

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

back 165

F

front 166

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

back 166

T

front 167

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

back 167

F

front 168

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

back 168

F

front 169

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

back 169

T

front 170

Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.

back 170

F

front 171

Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable.

back 171

T

front 172

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

back 172

T

front 173

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

back 173

F

front 174

back 174

front 175

back 175

front 176

back 176

front 177

back 177

front 178

back 178

front 179

back 179

front 180

Using the same graph as in Part A above, what is the average number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin at a saturation of 50%?

back 180

2

front 181

back 181

front 182

back 182

no data

front 183

A fireman breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. He has a meter that predicts the

back 183

The fireman's hemoglobin saturation will be about one oxygen per hemoglobin, and he will require an external air tank.