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Anatomy Muscle Lecture Exam study guide
front 1 What muscles if any have the ability to regenerate? | back 1 Smooth muscle |
front 2 Know the different muscle types, and know what most skeletal muscles contain of these types. | back 2 Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue. Most contain smooth muscle tissue |
front 3 Know what myoglobin is | back 3 Myoglobin is an iron and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue |
front 4 Know the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | back 4 The major role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to regulate intracellular levels of Ca2+ |
front 5 What is the latent period? Which step is this in the process? | back 5 Ca+2 is being released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Slack is being removed from elastic components. 1st step |
front 6 What is the contraction period? Which step is this in the process? | back 6 Lasts 10-100 msec. Filaments slide past each other. 2nd step |
front 7 What is the relaxation period? Which step is this in the process? | back 7 lasts 10-100 msec. Active transport of Ca+2 into SR. 3rd step |
front 8 What is the refractory period? Which step is this in the process? | back 8 Muscle can not respond and has lost its excitability. 5 msec for skeletal and 300 msec for cardiac muscle. 4th step |
front 9 Know the parts of a muscle twitch. | back 9 The latent, contraction, relaxation, and refractory periods |
front 10 What is an isotonic contraction? | back 10 Two parts: concentric and eccentric contractions. This is moving a load |
front 11 What is an isometric contraction? | back 11 A fixed position- no movement occurs |
front 12 What is the function of creatine phosphate in the muscle cell. | back 12 Creatine phosphate transfers a high-energy phosphate to ADP |
front 13 Know all of the steps of a muscle contraction. | back 13 ATP hydrolysis, attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges, power stroke, and detachment of myosin from actin. |
front 14 What is endomysium? | back 14 A component of connective tissue that separates individual muscle cells |
front 15 What is perimysium? | back 15 A component of connective tissue that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of 10-100 muscle cells |
front 16 What is epimysium? | back 16 A component of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle |
front 17 What is a fascicle? | back 17 A component of connective tissue that is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium |
front 18 What is rigor mortis and how does it occur. | back 18 This occurs 3-4 hours after death and lasts about 24 hours. Occurs because Ca+2 ions leak out of sarcoplasmic reticulum and allow myosin heads to bind to actin. They bind to actin until enzymes digest the decomposing cells |
front 19 What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell. | back 19 The functional unit is the sarcomere |
front 20 What is produced during anaerobic respiration. | back 20 ATP |
front 21 Know the characteristics of smooth muscle. | back 21 It is attached to hair follicles in skin, in walls of hollow organs, nonstriated in appearance, and involuntary. |
front 22 What are the properties of muscles. | back 22 Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity |
front 23 What is muscle tone. | back 23 Involuntary contraction of a small number of motor units (alternately active and inactive in a constantly shifting pattern) |
front 24 How is acetylcholine (ACh) broken down in the synaptic cleft. | back 24 Acetylcholinesterase |
front 25  Identify these parts: | back 25 A is epimysium B is endomysium C is a muscle fiber/cell D is a fascicle E is perimysium |
front 26  Identify the bands and structures in the picture: | back 26 A is the Z band B is the H zone C is the I band D is the A band E is the M line |
front 27 Know the different types of levers. Know the examples of each lever. | back 27 First class, second class, and third class levers. |
front 28 What is a first class lever and an example of it | back 28 This has the axis(fulcrum) located between the weight(resistance) and the force. An example of this is pliers or scissors. Where this may be is the joint between the head and the first vertebra. The weight (resistance) is the head, the axis is the joint, and the force can come from any posterior muscles that attach to the skull |
front 29 What is a second class lever and an example of it | back 29 This has the weight (resistance) located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force. An example of this is a wheelbarrow. Where this may be is in the lower leg when someone stands on their toes. The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the heel by the calf muscles through the achilles tendon |
front 30 What is a third class lever and an example of it | back 30 This is the most common in the body. In this, the force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the axis (fulcrum). An example is someone picking up a shovel or lifting weights. Where this is popular is in the elbow. The elbow joint is the axis (fulcrum), the resistance (weight) is the forearm, wrist, and hand, and the force is the bicep muscle when elbow is flexed. |
front 31 Know the difference between a synergist, and antagonist, a fixator and an agonist (prime mover) | back 31 A synergist aids the action of agonists either by assisting with the movemnt or by reducing unnecessary movement An antagonist opposes or reverses a movement A fixator is a specialized synergist and it immobilizes the origin of a prime mover so all tension is at the insersion Agonists (prime movers) are responsible for producing a particular movement |
front 32 Know what the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps that forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle. | back 32 The bicep has two heads, the tricep has three heads, and the quadriceps have four heads |
front 33 Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. FIRST CLASS | back 33  |
front 34 Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. SECOND CLASS | back 34  |
front 35 Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. THIRD CLASS | back 35  |
front 36  Identify the muscles | back 36 A is the levator scapulae B is the trapezius C is the teres major and minor D is the infraspinatus E is the latissimus dorsi |
front 37  Identify the muscles | back 37 A is the sternocleidomastoid B is the deltoid C is the pectoral minor D is the coracobrachialis E is the external intercostal |
front 38 Know what type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts. | back 38 A synergist |
front 39 Name the muscles of the hamstrings. | back 39 Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris. |
front 40 What is flexion? Know general location on body | back 40 This is a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. |
front 41 What is abduction? Know general location on body | back 41 This is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body. |
front 42 What is adduction? Know general location on body | back 42 This is a movement towards the mid line. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together. |
front 43 What is extension? Know general location on body | back 43 This is a a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. |
front 44 How are muscles classified? | back 44 Voluntary or involuntary. Slow twitch or fast twitch |
front 45 Know what muscles make up the abdomen in order. | back 45 The rectus abdominus, the external obliques, internal obliques, and the transversus abdominus |
front 46 Name the chewing muscles | back 46 The masseter, pterygoids, and the temporalis |
front 47 Know what makes up the quadriceps | back 47 The rectus femorus, the vastus lateralis, the vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius |