Function and tissue type of Bowman's capsule

Function: Performs first step of filtration of blood

Tissue: Simple squamous epithelium

Function and tissue type of efferent arteriole

Function Delivers blood away from the capillaries of the kidney

Tissue: Smooth muscle

Function and tissue type of proximal convoluted tubules

Function: Active and passive reabsorption

Tissue: Simple Squamous

Function and tissue type of descending limb

Function: Water reabsorption

Tissue: Simple cuboidal epithelium

Function and tissue of ascending limb

Function: solutes reabsorbed

Tissue: cuboidal/ columnar cells

Function and tissue of convoluted tubule

Function: Active secretion of solutes back into filtrate some reabsorption (sodium/Cl)

Tissue: Simple cuboidal

Function and tissue of collecting duct

Function: Transports materials across membrane; reabsorbs water

Tissue: Squamous epithelium

What causes high pressure and controls filtration rate in the glomerulus?

Efferent arteriole diameter decreased; By adding resistance to the efferent arteriole it causes high pressure

What is the glomerular filtration rate(GFR)?

Volume per minute; determines how well the blood is filtered by the kidneys, way to measure kidney function

How is water transported out of the tubule?

Osmosis? Passive?

Name one consequence of having a very short loop of Henle in the nephron

Collecting ducts

Region of the Nephron that regulatory hormones target

Aldosterone

Causes conservation of sodium and water, and secretion of potassium, increasing blood volume and therefore blood pressure

Anti- Diuretic Hormone

Increases water permeability by translocating aquaporin water channels in the plasma membrane

Active transport

Where reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle occurs

Countercurrent multiplication

Movement of solutes changes interstitial osmolarity and allows the reabsorption of water from tubular fluid to produce more concentrate urine

Loop of Henle

Site of countercurrent multiplication in the nephron

Location and function of the adrenal gland

Location: At the top of each kidney

Function: To produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn proteins and fat, and regulate blood pressure

Describe the effect of alcohol on ADH and the physiological effects of excess alcohol consumption

ADH stops you from urinating, it makes your body hold on to water when your dehydrated. Alcohol reduces how much ADH you produce, therefore increasing urine production. By drinking alcohol you will still be dehydrated or become and it causes electrolyte imbalances.

Urine leaves kidneys by ________ and collects in the __________.

Ureters, bladder

_________ expands to store urine that eventually leaves through the _________.

Bladder; urethra

Micturition

Urination occurs through the urethra

Urine pathway

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, outside

Pigment responsible for the urines yellow color

Urochrome

Average pH of urine

6

Inorganic constituents of urine

sulfates and phosphates

Organic constituents of urine

Glucose and blood

Human kidney composed of __ layers

3

Layers of kidney

Renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal Pelvis

Renal cortex

Outermost layer; contains about 1 million nephrons, the filtering units that form urine

Renal medulla

Middle layer; segregated into renal pyramids

Renal pelvis

Funnel- shaped; extending inward from the hilum; collects urine from the pyramids and conveys it into the ureter for passage to the urinary bladder

Major calcyes

larger, primary fingerlike extensions of renal pelvis

Minor calcyes

subdivisions of major calcyes

How many deciduous and permanent teeth do humans have?

Deciduous: 20

permanent: 32

How many deciduous and permanent teeth do cats have?

Deciduous: 15

Permanent: 30

Tooth labeling

Name two mechanisms acting from outside the kidney (extrinsic) that contributes to kidney function

bp and adh

Which substance is actively reabsorbed across the membranes of the proximal convoluted tubule using a carrier method?

glucose

In a diabetic person, what substances remains in the urine

glucose

A high pressure environment inside the __________ causes a plasma- like substance to squeeze out into the Bowman’s capsule.

glomerulus

This process in urine formation is called

filtration

Reabsorption of useful substances from the filtrate primarily occurs in the

pct

_____________ changes the composition of urine and is the opposite of reabsorption

Secretion

Which structure collects urine from several nephrons distal tubules and carries it through the medulla pyramids to the minor calyces?

Collecting duct

Blood composition depends on 3 major factors

diet, urinary output, cellular metabolism

An increase in ____results in corresponding increase in filtration rate and urine output.

bp

Filtrate has been reduced by what percentage once it leaves the proximal convoluted tubule

65%

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is thinner and is made of what type of epithelium?

simple squamous

Both male and female reproductive systems include:

Reproductive organs or gonads that produce gametes(reproductive cells) and hormones

Ducts that transport and receive gametes

Accessory glands or organs that secrete fluids

Perineal structures associated with the reproductive system known as external genitalia

What are perineal structures also known as

External genitalia

Essential primary organs in both men and women are called

gonads

Gonads are

gamete producing organs

Gonads in men what do they excrete

Testes; sperm

Gonads in women and what do they excrete

Ovaries; eggs and ova

Testes exocrine and endocrine function

Sperm; testosterone

The endocrine products of the female reproductive system are estrogen and

progesterone

Cremaster muscles

Raise and lower testes in response to changes in body temp

Dense connective tissue capsule called the __________________ cover each testis

Tunica albuginea

These sheaths(tunica albuginea) house highly coiled seminiferous tubules (sperm forming factories)

Tubules empty into rete testis then the epididymis

Interstitial cells are located in between seminiferous tubules

Produce testosterone

Epididymis

Structure and function

Structure: Elongated that surrounds the testes superior aspect

Function: Site of maturation of sperm

Ductus deferens/ vans deferns(sperm duct)

Structure and function

Structure: Enclosed along blood vessels/ nerves in a connective sheath (Spermatic cord)

Function: Conveys sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Ejaculatory duct

Contraction of this duct during ejaculation propels sperm through the prostate

Urethra

Sperm travels through/ out of body

Estrogen increases the size of __________ during puberty

mammary glands

If fertilization and subsequent implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis and after several months becomes the ______________

corpus albicans

Which hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and stimulates sperm production?________

FSH

Falling estrogen levels causes what hormone do decline?

LH

What structure of the sperm contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg?

Acrosome

Which stage of the menstrual cycle begins after ovulation?

secretory

Label this

Endocrine glands are ________

ductless = they do not have ducts to take their secretions to specific sites

Instead, hormones are secreted directly into capillaries and circulate in the blood throughout the body

Hyposecretion

a deficiency of a hormone

Hypersecretion

excess secretion of a hormone

Two major portions of pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

Pituitary connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by a slender stalk called the

infundibulum

Gonadotropins—follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

Regulate gamete production, hormonal activity of gonads

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Regulates endocrine activity of cortex portion of the adrenal gland

Thyroid-stmulating hormone (TSH)/thyrotropin

Influences growth and activity of thyroid gland

2 hormones of the Thyroid gland

Function and target organ

Hormones: Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Function: Control the rate of metabolism

Target organ: everywhere in the body

Another hormone of the thyroid gland

Function and target organ

Calcitonin

Function: Controls calcium concentration in the body by stimulating bone deposition

Target: Bone, kidneys, and blood

Parathyroid glands

Function and target

Parathormone(PTH)

Function: Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism. Antagonist to calcitonin

Target: Bone, Kidneys, and blood

Adrenal cortex hormones

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens and estrogens

Aldosterone function and target

Function: Decrease the rate of sodium-ion excretion and to increase the rate of potassium- ion excretion

Target: Kidneys

Cortisol function and target

Function: stimulates glycogen formation white it decreases the rate of glucose utilization in body cells

Target: liver

Androgens and estrogens function and target

Function: Involved in outset of puberty and development of secondary sexual characteristics

Target: reproductive system

Adrenal medulla hormones

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function and target

Function: Promotes the flight- or- flight response

Target: Everywhere in the body

Pancreas hormones

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin function and target

Function: lowers the blood glucose level

Target: body cells

Glucagon function and target

Function: Stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels. Antagonist to insulin

Target: liver

Ovary hormones

Estrogen and progesterone

Estrogen function and target

Function: Promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics, development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and promotes development of the mammary glands.

Target: The whole body, uterus and breasts

Progesterone function and target

Function: Prepares uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands.

Target: Uterus and breasts

Testis hormone

Function and target

Testosterone

Function: Responsible for the development of the male reproductive system and secondary male sexual characteristics

Target: Gonads, ducts, and glands

Thymus hormone

Function and target

Thymosin

Function: Promotes maturation and specialization of T cells

Target: Lymphocytes