front 1 What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease? | back 1 intact skin and mucous membranes |
front 2 Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)? | back 2 IFNs help the body combat viral infections. |
front 3 Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling? | back 3 inflammation |
front 4 Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? | back 4 opsonization |
front 5 Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of __________. | back 5 T cells |
front 6 What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response? | back 6 antigens |
front 7 Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them? | back 7 dendritic cells |
front 8 __________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma. | back 8 IgG |
front 9 Why are children given vaccinations? | back 9 to develop antibodies against various diseases |
front 10 Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? | back 10 antigen-presenting cells |
front 11 Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens? | back 11 class II MHC proteins |
front 12 Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)? | back 12 CD8 |
front 13 Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? | back 13 all nucleated cells |
front 14 Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells? | back 14 CD8 cells |
front 15 What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal? | back 15 The T cell enters a state of anergy. |
front 16 What types of antigen are recognized by T cells? | back 16 processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells |
front 17 Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______. | back 17 the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens |
front 18 Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______. | back 18 plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface |
front 19 Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? | back 19 innate external defenses |
front 20 Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? | back 20 innate internal defenses |
front 21 What cells make antibodies? | back 21 plasma B cells |
front 22 What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? | back 22 an antigenic determinant |
front 23 What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? | back 23 humoral immunity |
front 24 If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? | back 24 cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) |
front 25 Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? | back 25 Cytotoxic T cells |
front 26 What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? | back 26 Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. |
front 27 What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? | back 27 An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. |
front 28 The student who caught the cold caused by this specificRhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? | back 28 Memory B cells |
front 29 Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity:
| back 29 2,4,1,3 |
front 30 Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? | back 30 Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein |
front 31 Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
| back 31 2,1,4,3,5 |
front 32 Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? | back 32 BCR and TCR |
front 33 Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? | back 33 Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells |
front 34 A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? | back 34 Clonal selection of B cells |
front 35 Which of the following statements is true? | back 35 Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. |
front 36 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? | back 36 NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. |
front 37 Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? | back 37 interferons |
front 38 How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? | back 38 The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells. |
front 39 Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? | back 39 complement proteins |
front 40 Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? | back 40 antibodies and complement proteins |
front 41 Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle? Select from letters A-D. | back 41 C |
front 42 What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected? | back 42 interferons (IFNs) |
front 43 How do interferons protect against infection in healthy cells? | back 43 Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins. |
front 44 What is the specific target of interferons? | back 44 nearby healthy cells |
front 45 With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis? | back 45 opsonins |
front 46 Which letter represents the adhesion of the phagocyte to the pathogen? Select from letters A-D. | back 46 A |
front 47 Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces? | back 47 edema (swelling) |
front 48 Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is released by mast cells? | back 48 histamine |
front 49 Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? | back 49 vasoconstriction |
front 50 When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow, in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors? | back 50 leukocytosis |
front 51 What is the main event of chemotaxis? | back 51 Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury. |
front 52 Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls during what process? | back 52 diapedesis |
front 53 Which of the following is (are) NOT a part of the innate immune defenses? | back 53 T cells |
front 54 Proinflammatory signals include all of the following, EXCEPT __________. | back 54 antibodies |
front 55 __________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization. | back 55 Chemotaxis |
front 56 Pyrogens induce __________. | back 56 fever |
front 57 Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease? | back 57 T cells |
front 58 Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell? | back 58 interferon |
front 59 A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. What is the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F? | back 59 A mild or moderate fever is an adaptive response that seems to benefit the body. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply. During fever, the liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc that bacteria need to multiply. |
front 60 When the white blood cell count is depressed, the classic signs of infection such as redness, heat, and swelling are not manifested. In this case, should the nurse avoid administering aspirin? | back 60 Yes, aspirin should be avoided because aspirin would disguise a fever that would indicate infection. |
front 61 The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. | back 61 chemotaxis |
front 62 Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? | back 62 chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing |
front 63 Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? | back 63 prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
front 64 Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections? | back 64 Macrophages |
front 65 Interferons ________. | back 65 interfere with viral replication within cells |
front 66 Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? | back 66 phagocytes |
front 67 Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. | back 67 natural killer cells |
front 68 Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. | back 68 opsonization |
front 69 Innate immune system defenses include ________. | back 69 phagocytosis |
front 70 Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. | back 70 mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas |
front 71 Fever ________. | back 71 production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting |
front 72 Natural killer (NK) cells ________. | back 72 can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated |
front 73 Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? | back 73 replaces injured tissues with connective tissue |
front 74 Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? | back 74 lactate pathway |
front 75 What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? | back 75 protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses |
front 76 The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. | back 76 vasodilation |
front 77 Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? | back 77 NK cells are a type of neutrophil. |
front 78 Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus. | back 78 F |
front 79 The classical complement pathway involves antibodies. | back 79 T |
front 80 The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals. | back 80 T |
front 81 The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. | back 81 T |
front 82 Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur. | back 82 F |
front 83 Which of the following do NOT serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)? | back 83 natural killer cells |
front 84 Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. | back 84 haptens |
front 85 Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? | back 85 reactivity with an antibody |
front 86 Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? | back 86 It is specific for a given organ. |
front 87 Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? | back 87 Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. |
front 88 Immunocompetence ________. | back 88 is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it |
front 89 Select the correct statement about antigens. | back 89 One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. |
front 90 Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens. | back 90 T |
front 91 Which cells mature in the thymus? | back 91 T cells |
front 92 How does a lymphocyte become immunocompetent? | back 92 Lymphocytes must be able to recognize their one specific antigen by binding to it. |
front 93 What are B and T cells called that have not yet been exposed to an antigen? | back 93 naive |
front 94 Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response. | back 94 A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. |
front 95 __________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk. | back 95 Natural passive |
front 96 T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________. | back 96 thymus |
front 97 Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? | back 97 It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. |
front 98 Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist? | back 98 Our genes |
front 99 Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? | back 99 Antigens only come from microbes. |
front 100 B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. | back 100 bone marrow |
front 101 Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? | back 101 After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. |
front 102 Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime. | back 102 T |
front 103 Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies. | back 103 F |
front 104 Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes. | back 104 T |
front 105 It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. | back 105 T |
front 106 How would you classify the antivenom used to treat poisonous snake bites? | back 106 passive immunity, artificially acquired |
front 107 Which of the following exemplifies passive immunity? | back 107 antitoxin |
front 108 Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity? | back 108 vaccines |
front 109 What part of the antibody's structure determines its class? | back 109 constant (C) region |
front 110 Which immunoglobulin class can cross the placenta to provide naturally acquired passive immunity to the fetus? | back 110 IgG |
front 111 What is the first antibody released in the primary response and usually indicates infection? | back 111 IgM |
front 112 Which mechanism occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins? | back 112 neutralization |
front 113 Which of the following mechanisms of antibody action occur when red blood cells clump due to a transfusion of mismatched blood? | back 113 agglutination |
front 114 Which mechanism of antibody action results in cell lysis? | back 114 complement fixation and activation |
front 115 __________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus- infected cells. | back 115 Cytotoxic T cells |
front 116 Antigens bound to MHC II activate __________. | back 116 helper T cells |
front 117 Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? | back 117 composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains |
front 118 Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? | back 118 passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus |
front 119 B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. | back 119 producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells |
front 120 Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. | back 120 juvenile diabetes |
front 121 Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. | back 121 Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. |
front 122 Clonal selection of B cells ________. | back 122 results in the formation of plasma cells |
front 123 The primary immune response ________. | back 123 has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells |
front 124 Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. | back 124 Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. |
front 125 Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. | back 125 cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched |
front 126 Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? | back 126 direct cell lysis |
front 127 Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? | back 127 IgD |
front 128 The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. | back 128 disulfide |
front 129 In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? | back 129 antigen |
front 130 Antibodies cn act both intracellularly and extracellularly. | back 130 T |
front 131 Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies. | back 131 T |
front 132 What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell? | back 132 CD4 cell |
front 133 What type of cell is a precursor to the cytotoxic T cell? | back 133 CD8 cell |
front 134 What activates CD8 cells? | back 134 antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins |
front 135 What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells? | back 135 cytotoxin T (TC) cells |
front 136 Cytotoxic T (TC) cells check cells of the body for identity flags to see if they look they way they are supposed to. What is this process called? | back 136 immune surveillance |
front 137 Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an allograft? | back 137 cytotoxin T (TC) cell |
front 138 __________ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses. | back 138 Helper T cells |
front 139 Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body? | back 139 xenograft |
front 140 Which of the following are mismatched? | back 140 immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis |
front 141 Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. | back 141 F |
front 142 Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response in that it helps activate both humoral and cellular immune responses? | back 142 helper T cell |
front 143 Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? | back 143 pathogens in the lumen of the stomach |
front 144 Regulatory T cells ________. | back 144 may function in preventing autoimmune reactions |
front 145 Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. | back 145 Isografts are between identical twins. |
front 146 Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. | back 146 Cytokines |
front 147 T-cell activation requires ________. | back 147 antigen binding and co-stimulation |
front 148 Which of the following is not a type of T cell? | back 148 antigenic |
front 149 Cytotoxic T cells ________. | back 149 are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells |
front 150 Helper T cells ________. | back 150 function in the adaptive immune system activation |
front 151 Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? | back 151 helper T cell |
front 152 Which statement is true about T cells? | back 152 Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. |
front 153 Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants. | back 153 F |
front 154 Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated. | back 154 F |
front 155 The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin. | back 155 T |
front 156 A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both. | back 156 F |
front 157 MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body. | back 157 T |
front 158 A 36-year-old man enters the hospital in an extremely debilitated condition. He has purple-brown skin lesions (a symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma) and a persistent cough. A physical examination reveals swollen lymph nodes, and laboratory tests find a very low lymphocyte count. Information taken during the personal history reveals that he has multiple sex partners with whom he frequently engages in unprotected sex. What is likely to be the man's problem and what is his prognosis? | back 158 He is probably suffering from AIDS. His outlook is poor once the disease has progressed to this advanced stage. There is no cure, and drug therapy has had limited short-term success. |
front 159 Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? | back 159 allergic contact dermatitis |
front 160 Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. | back 160 The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. |
front 161 Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? | back 161 They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. |
front 162 Delayed hypersensitivities ________. | back 162 include allergic contact dermatitis |
front 163 Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? | back 163 type II diabetes |
front 164 Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? | back 164 a second exposure to an allergen |
front 165 Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood. | back 165 T |
front 166 A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells. | back 166 T |