5) An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test

A) detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results.

B) detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results.

C) detects 90 percent of the true positive samples and has 5 percent false positive results.

D) detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results.

E) detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results.

Answer: A

6) Which of the following are sources of antibodies for serological testing?

A) vaccinated animals

B) cells producing monoclonal antibodies

C) viral cultures

D) vaccinated animals and cells producing monoclonal antibodies

E) vaccinated animals, cells producing monoclonal antibodies, and viral cultures

Answer: D

7) A reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen-forming lattices is called a(n)

A) agglutination reaction.

B) complement fixation.

C) immunofluorescence.

D) neutralization reaction.

E) precipitation reaction.

Answer: E

8) A reaction between antibody and particulate antigen is called a(n)

A) agglutination reaction.

B) complement fixation.

C) immunofluorescence.

D) neutralization reaction.

E) precipitation reaction.

Answer: A

9) A reaction that uses the absence of hemolysis of red blood cells to indicate an antigen—antibody reaction is called a(n)

A) agglutination reaction.

B) complement fixation.

C) immunofluorescence.

D) neutralization reaction.

E) precipitation reaction.

Answer: B

10) A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n)

A) subunit vaccine.

B) conjugated vaccine.

C) nucleic acid vaccine.

D) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

E) live whole-agent vaccine.

Answer: C

11) Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)

A) TCcell response.

B) immune complex.

C) dendritic cell proliferation.

D) antibody response against these bacterial toxins.

E) antibody response against gram-positive bacteria.

Answer: D

12) The clumping of test red blood cells indicates a negative test result (no antibodies against the virus in the patient's serum) in the

A) direct agglutination test.

B) indirect agglutination test.

C) complement-fixation test.

D) precipitation test.

E) viral hemagglutination inhibition test.

Answer: E

13) What type of vaccine involves host synthesis of viral antigens?

A) conjugated vaccine

B) subunit vaccine

C) nucleic acid vaccine

D) attenuated whole-agent vaccine

E) toxoid vaccine

Answer: C

14) Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n)

A) conjugated vaccine.

B) subunit vaccine.

C) nucleic acid vaccine.

D) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: B

15) What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus?

A) conjugated vaccine

B) subunit vaccine

C) nucleic acid vaccine

D) attenuated whole-agent vaccine

E) toxoid vaccine

Answer: D

16) A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the

A) direct fluorescent-antibody test.

B) indirect fluorescent-antibody test.

C) direct agglutination test.

D) direct ELISA test.

E) hemagglutination-inhibition test.

Answer: B

17) A test used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient's throat swab is the

A) direct fluorescent-antibody test.

B) indirect fluorescent-antibody test.

C) hemagglutination test.

D) hemagglutination-inhibition test.

E) indirect ELISA test.

Answer: A

18) A test used to detect anti-Rickettsia antibodies in a patient's serum is the

A) direct fluorescent-antibody test.

B) indirect fluorescent-antibody test.

Answer: B

19) Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres?

A) direct agglutination reaction

B) indirect agglutination reaction

C) immunofluorescence

D) neutralization reaction

E) precipitation reaction

Answer: B

20) Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera?

A) direct agglutination reaction

B) passive agglutination reaction

C) immunofluorescence

D) neutralization reaction

E) precipitation reaction

Answer: A

21) Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva?

A) direct agglutination reaction

B) passive agglutination reaction

C) immunofluorescence

D) neutralization reaction

E) precipitation reaction

Answer: E

22) A patient's serum, Mycobacterium, guinea pig complement, sheep red blood cells, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium?

A) Bacteria fluoresce.

B) Hemagglutination occurs.

C) Hemagglutination-inhibition occurs.

D) Hemolysis occurs.

E) No hemolysis occurs.

Answer: E

23) A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n)

A) conjugated vaccine.

B) subunit vaccine.

C) nucleic acid vaccine.

D) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: B

24) Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n)

A) conjugated vaccine.

B) subunit vaccine.

C) nucleic acid vaccine.

D) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: E

25) A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)

A) B cell with a T cell.

B) B cell with a myeloma cell.

C) antigen with an antibody.

D) antigen with a B cell.

E) myeloma cell with a virus.

Answer: B

26) In Table 18.1, who probably has the disease?

A) Patients A and B

B) Patients B and C

C) Patients A and C

D) Patients C and D

E) Patients A and D

Answer: A

27) In Table 18.1, who is most likely protected from the disease, as observed by the test results over time?

A) Patient A

B) Patient B

C) Patient C

D) Patient D

Answer: D

28) In Table 18.1, who showed seroconversion during these observations?

A) Patient A

B) Patient B

C) Patient C

D) Patient D

Answer: A

29) Which component in Figure 18.1 came from the patient in this indirect ELISA test?

A) a

B) b

C) c

D) d

E) e

Answer: B

30) Figure 18.1 is an illustration of a(an)

A) negative indirect ELISA test.

B) positive indirect ELISA test.

C) complement fixation test.

D) hemagglutination test.

E) precipitation test.

Answer: B

31) Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they

A) are highly specific.

B) can be produced in large quantities.

C) contain a mixture of antibodies.

D) are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.

E) are highly specific, they can be produced in large quantities, and they contain a mixture of antibodies.

Answer: D

32) The following steps are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. What is the fourth step?

A) A B cell is activated to produce antibodies.

B) Culture the hybridoma in a selective medium.

C) Fuse a B cell to a myeloma cell.

D) Isolate antibody-producing B cells.

E) Vaccinate a mouse.

Answer: C

33) Palivizumab is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus disease. This antiviral drug is a(n)

A) toxoid.

B) monoclonal antibody.

C) vaccine.

D) immunosuppressive.

E) nucleoside analog.

Answer: B

34) Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n)

A) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

B) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

C) conjugated vaccine.

D) subunit vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: B

35) Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n)

A) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

B) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

C) conjugated vaccine.

D) subunit vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: C

36) Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n)

A) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

B) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

C) conjugated vaccine.

D) subunit vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: A

37) Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n)

A) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

B) attenuated whole-agent vaccine.

C) conjugated vaccine.

D) subunit vaccine.

E) toxoid vaccine.

Answer: D

38) In a direct ELISA test to screen for drugs in a patient's urine, what is the third step in the test process?

A) substrate for the enzyme is added

B) enzyme-labeled antibodies against the drug being tested is added

C) the patient's urine sample is diluted

D) antibody against the drug being tested is added

Answer: B

39) Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test?

A) substrate for the enzyme

B) antigen

C) antihuman immune serum

D) antibodies against the antigen

Answer: B

40) Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies?

A) agglutination

B) complement fixation

C) neutralization

D) indirect ELISA

E) direct fluorescent-antibody

Answer: D

41) Which of the following uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies?

A) agglutination

B) complement fixation

C) precipitation

D) flow cytometry

E) neutralization

Answer: D

42) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents?

A) They elicit lifelong immunity.

B) They stimulate by cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

C) They occasionally revert to virulent forms.

D) They require few or no booster immunizations.

E) The immune response generated by the vaccine closely mimics a real infection.

Answer: C

43) In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose the fungal disease histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a precipitate forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. In this test process, what is the most likely identity of the material in the second well?

A) antibodies

B) a purified fungal antigen

C) entire fungal cells

D) a purified protozoan antigen

E) red blood cells

Answer: B

44) In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a line forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. What type of test is this?

A) an agglutination reaction

B) a precipitation reaction

C) a complement-fixation test

D) an indirect ELISA test

E) a direct ELISA test

Answer: B

45) Which of the following statements about measles is FALSE?

A) It is a serious disease.

B) It is preventable by vaccination.

C) Annually, it kills thousands of children worldwide.

D) The disease has been eradicated in the United States.

E) Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death.

Answer: D

1) Vaccines are preparations of organisms or fractions of organisms that are used to induce protective immune responses.

Answer: TRUE

2) In a vaccine preparation, the term "attenuated" means that the agent does NOT replicate.

Answer: FALSE

3) An injection of "naked" DNA into muscle cells to induce an immune response against the proteins encoded by the DNA is an example of a subunit vaccine.

Answer: FALSE

4) Adjuvants such as aluminum salts are used as additives in vaccines to enhance immune responses.

Answer: TRUE

5) Blood typing tests are examples of hemagglutination reactions.

Answer: TRUE

6) A positive complement-fixation test is indicated by the lysis of the sheep red blood cells added in the indicator phase of the test.

Answer: FALSE

7) The home pregnancy test kit is an example of a direct ELISA.

Answer: TRUE

8) Western blotting uses antibodies to detect specific proteins in a mixture of proteins.

Answer: TRUE

9) A highly specific diagnostic test will be unlikely to indicate a positive result if a specimen being tested is a true negative.

Answer: TRUE

10) Agglutination tests use particulate antigens while precipitation tests use soluble antigens.

Answer: TRUE