front 1 Who invented the microscope? What did he discover? What's some other background info over him? | back 1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. He discovered protozoans and bacteria at 500x magnification compared to Mr. Hook looking at only 100x mag. Leeuwenhoek was a businessman; not a microbiologist. He liked to grind glass lens and found that he could magnify things by doing this. |
front 2 Who was the first to see cells and how did he do this? | back 2 Robert Hook took a section of cork (plant product)and saw that life is composed of cells. |
front 3 Who 1st showed that there can be unicellular organisms? | back 3 Leeuwenhoek |
front 4 Who was the 1st inventor of the smallpox vaccine? | back 4 Edward Jenner |
front 5 T or F. There is no cure for viral infections but we can cure bacterial infections. | back 5 T |
front 6 What is the incubation phase of smallpox and describe it's process of infecting an individual. | back 6 Incubation Phase- 12 days. The virus is inhaled (some spread via secretions or contamination of drinking & eating utencils). Virus multiplies in mucosa of upper respiratory tract. Moves to lymph nodes. Enters bloodstream; travels to internal organs. Extensive viral replication. And the virus returns to bloodstream. |
front 7 What are 3 examples of virus's we can't cure? | back 7 measels; hepatitis; mumps |
front 8 How long does the Somatic Disease last? | back 8 3-5 weeks. Early rashes, fever, and aches. The virus enters skin, multiplies in epidermal cells. |
front 9 Back in the day, what chance did an individual have of surviving smallpox? What does it look like? | back 9 50% chance of surviving. It kind of looks like herpes or chicken pox. |
front 10 What is definition of incubation period? | back 10 Time it gets in your body until you 1st show symptoms. |
front 11 T or F. Smallpox has a short incubation period. | back 11 F. It has a long incubation period (10-12 days)or (1 1/2 weeks). Normally, if you breathe the flu virus, you would show symptoms in (12-24 hrs.) |
front 12 Why can smallpox be used in biological warfare? | back 12 b/c of long incubation period. In 12 days, many people can be exposed. |
front 13 How many people did we lose in the 20th century to smallpox? | back 13 300 million. The exposed lesions usually caused the death and if they did survive they would have scars from these lesions. |
front 14 What is the ONLY virus to be eradicated? | back 14 Smallpox. |
front 15 What are the four properties of smallpox that led to its eradication? Explain each one in detail. | back 15 1. Viral Characteristics- It's an exclusive human host (can't survive in animals). It is a SINGLE SEROTYPE (only 1 kind of virus! No strains). Epitopes (the animal and human pox virus are similiar. You make an antibody when given the vaccine and it can recognize both human & animal pox virus's. )
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front 16 What year was the smallpox extinct? | back 16 1978 |
front 17 What are the virus's called that cause smallpox and cowpox? What was Jenner's idea for a vaccine? | back 17 Variola-smallpox. Vaccinia-cowpox. Both have similiar surface structures that it can trick human immune system into thinking its the same thing. Jenner's idea was to inject a person w/ vaccinia and there will be a localized cowpox lesion & the body develps antibodies to smallpox. He knew that if the person had had cowpox, they wouldnt' get smallpox. |
front 18 What is the term called meant the cowpox and smallpox reacted together? | back 18 Cross-reactivity |
front 19 What is the only way to see the smallpox and cowpox virus? | back 19 Under an electron microscope. |
front 20 When was the big experiment done to 8 yr old James Phipps to test the smallpox vaccine? | back 20 May 14, 1796 |
front 21 How was the smallpox vaccine done? | back 21 They would stick the needle into the epidermis and deposit ground-up scabs. Putting it in the epidermis makes the immune response very reactive compared to in the dermis. |
front 22 What needle contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication campaign? | back 22 The bifurcated needle. |
front 23 T or F. The smallpox vaccine is NOT a cure; it's a PREVENTION. | back 23 T. It is given to someone before they contract the virus to build their immune system. |
front 24 How do virus's reproduce? Give some background info. Do the same w/ bacteria. | back 24 Virus's depend on a host cell to reproduce. In order to stop a virus, you have to harm your own cells. Virus's are NONCELLULAR. Bacteria can reproduce on their own so we can kill them; not viruses. Bacteria are cellular unlike virus's. |
front 25 What is one of the few vaccines given to someone that is different from what we are trying to protect someone from? | back 25 Cowpox! It does give you a lesion and infects you but it usually doesn't spread beyond that. |
front 26 Who are the 2 people to have the smallpox virus that we know of? | back 26 The CDC in the US has this virus in the deep freeze and Russia. These two countries decided to keep the virus. There is thought that some other countries have this virus. They know the DNA sequence so it could actually be made. It is NATURALLY EXTINCT. |
front 27 Describe the Rinderpest, or cattle plague virus. | back 27 It is a highly infectious viral disease.
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front 28 Why is smallpox an excellent terrorism choice? | back 28 b/c of long incubation period. The attackers can leave the country before the 1st case is diagnosed. The 1st symptoms are malaise, fever, headache, and vomiting. |
front 29 Describe the size of the smallpox virus and other characteristics. | back 29 The smallpox virus is large; very robust. It can survive outside the human host for days. Its CONTAGIOUSNESS and HIGH FATILITY RATE are what make it so destructive. |
front 30 There was an anthrax attact though the US mail so the government thought that we could be attacked w/ smallpox. Who were the 2 gov. officials who believed that Iraq's potential to produce a smallpox weapon needed UNIVERSAL VACCINATION of the general population? | back 30 Cheney and Libby |
front 31 Who was the heroic epidemiologist who led the WHO smallpox eradication program and became Bush's science advisor? What did he think of the smallpox vaccine? | back 31 Donald Henderson. He thought universal vaccination would be a terrible idea b/c it could hurt people or kill people. Babies immune system couldn't fight off small pox. Even though it is a vaccination, in some people it gave progressive effects which could hurt or kill. |
front 32 What was the compromise made about the question of universal vaccination b/w gov. officials? | back 32 mandatory 500,000 military personal and voluntary vaccination for health care workers. Or "first responders". |
front 33 T or F. Currently, the US has enough stockpile of smallpox vaccine to vaccinate everyone in the US in case of an emergency. | back 33 T. |
front 34 What is another pox virus that infects deer and can even affect humans? What is another pox virus that infects monkeys and can affect humans. | back 34 Parapoxvirus. Moneypox (CDC traced it back to home in TX who was importing monkeys in & out). |
front 35 Who was the firt person to associate childbed fever w/ the hospital and make people wash their hands? What is childbed fever (puerperal sepsis)? | back 35 Semmelweis. It is gram (+) Streptococcus pyogenes that causes strep throat. |
front 36 Describe how Semmelweis figured out what the hospital was doing wrong. | back 36 Back in the day, they didn't know there were microbes on a persons hands. A hospital had 2 wings and 1 wing was preferred b/c the other wing had a higher mortality rate. He realized one wing was where med students delivered babies and the midwifes in the other (this was the good wing). Med students would leave autospy and go straight to delivering babies w/out washing hands. He was the 1st to realize that something must be carried on the med students hands. So, everyone was made to wash their hands w/ a CHLORINATED SOLUTION. |
front 37 How would the Streptococcus pyogenes cause the childbed fever? | back 37 The infection would begin in the uterus and spread rapidly through body. It was a blood infection. |
front 38 IN 1846, what did the mortality rate decrease to? | back 38 15-20% |
front 39 What is a way to match bacteria? | back 39 DNA fingerprint |
front 40 Who is the lady known by who came from Ireland to US and cooked for wealthy families in Boston & NY and caused typhoid fever? | back 40 Typhoid Mary. Families would get sick but she wouldn't. The infection spread though food when a carrier doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom. The bacteria lived in Mary's throat and she was a carrier for this disease. |
front 41 T or F. Mary is the 1st documented case of asymptomatic typhoid carrier in the US. | back 41 T. Mary had to spend half her life in confinement and was responsible for 53 cases of typhoid fever and 3 deaths. |
front 42 What causes typhoid fever? | back 42 Salmonella typhi |
front 43 What did the past Tri Beta President, Miss Stuart, test in her research paper? | back 43 She tested Staphlococcus aureus which is commonly found on human hands. She went to all the bathrooms at ASU and swabbed the metal plate from each one. She concluded that the bacteria doesn't have the ability to survive very long on the metal plates. |
front 44 Who is the man associated w/ the pasteurization process and was trying to help the French wine industry when they were having problems w/ their product going bad? | back 44 Louis Pasteur. He suggested they warm it up to a temperature to kill microbes. |
front 45 Definition of pasteurization. | back 45 To kill microbes w/out damaging the quality of the product. |
front 46 What are the differences b/w pasteurization and sterilization. | back 46 Pasteurization- Doesn't imply you have completely gotten rid of every microbe. (water bath-temp. below boiling). It usually doesn't kill spores.
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front 47 Why don't we put milk in autoclave? | back 47 Too expensive and it will curdle the milk and change the taste. |
front 48 Who is credited for answering this question, "Where did life come from in the 1st place? Does life generate spontaneously or doesn't?" | back 48 Louis Pasteur. |
front 49 Explain Pasteur's experiment. | back 49 vigorous heat is applied to a solution of microbes so both flasks are free of live cells (sterile). The neck on the 2nd flash was broken and the 1st neck on flask is intact. It showed that you won't get life w/out life already in existence. |
front 50 What is Louis MOST credited discovery? What are 4 more discoveries? What is Louis MAINLY known for though? | back 50 1. Discovering anaerobic life and anaerobic bacteria. He was the 1st to discover that some bacteria don't need O2 to survive.
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front 51 What is the Pasteur effect? | back 51 the inhibiting effect of O2 upon a fermenting process (as one carried by facultative anaerobic organisms) |
front 52 What is rabies? | back 52 It is caused by a virus and mainly is a disease of animals. Humans get it when bit by an infected animal. It is almost always fatal. At first, there may not be symptoms. But weeks, or even months after bite, rabies can cause pain, fatigue, headaches, fever, & irritability. Followed by seizures, hallucination, & paralysis. |
front 53 T or F. It takes a short time for the rabies virus to travel to your brain. | back 53 F. It takes a while for it to reach the brain. It's one of the few diseases that you can take the vaccine and it can/may prevent you from getting rabies. |
front 54 What are the two forms of the rabies virus? | back 54 Furious form (aggressive animals) and dumbform (animals that are sick but not aggressive). |
front 55 Is rabies disease rare in the US? How many cases per year? How many people are vaccinated each year after animal bites? How many deaths worldwide? | back 55 It is rare in the US. 1-2 cases in the US per year. 16,000-39,000 people vaccinated. And, 40,000-70,000 rabies-related deaths worldwide (bites from unvaccinated dogs mainly) |
front 56 What does the rabies virus look like under the electron microscope? Decribes how it infects. | back 56 Like a bullet. The virus may replicated locally, but then enters the peripheral nervous system, where it passively travels to CNS. Virus next infects the brainstem, cerebellum, and other brain structures. From the brain, the rabies virus can travel along autonomic nerves- causes secretion of saliva, mucous, and tears. |
front 57 What is the oval inclusion body in a brain cell called that are the manufacturing sites of the rabies virus? | back 57 Negri body. When they find these, they know the person is positive for the rabies virus. |
front 58 T or F. Rabies attacks nervous system and normally results in death w/in a week of symptoms developing. | back 58 T. |
front 59 What are four main animals to carry rabies? Explain each one. | back 59 1. Bats: Austin to Houston has the most (+) rabie carrying bats. As bats hibernate so does the rabies in the winter months. Vampire bats in the bottom part of Mexico & South America have a lot of rabies.
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front 60 In what country have 10s of 1000s of dogs been killed b/c of rabies? | back 60 China |
front 61 What are two other ways to get rabies besides an infected animal bite? | back 61 1. lung, kidney, and liver transplants from infected rabie individuals. 2. Drinking the raw milk of rabid cow. |
front 62 Who should get rabies vaccine and when? | back 62 1. Preventative vaccination when there is NO exposure. These are people like vets, animal handlers, or cave explorers. The pre-exposure is 3 doses. Dose 1: As appropiate. Dose 2: 7 days after Dose 1. Dose 3: 21 to 28 days after dose 1.
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front 63 What were the 1st animals Pasteur used to get the rabie vaccine? | back 63 Rabbits. He got their spinal cords b/c he realized it was a neurological disease. The longer you let the spinal cords hang in the drying box, the weaker the virus got. Maybe the virus is still there but is weaker. So he injected a dog w/ the older piece and it would make anitbodies to the virus. Then if you inject that same dog w/ a fresh new rabie infested spinal cord, the dog wouldn't contract rabies b/c they developed their own antibodies. |
front 64 Who was the 1st person to receive the rabies vaccine? | back 64 Joseph Meisier. He later worked at the Pasteur Insitute when he got older. |
front 65 Was the smallpox or rabies virus more dangerous? | back 65 The rabies virus was b/c they were taking the virus out of the nervous system. Two problems with it were the side effects and the number of shots you had to take. |
front 66 Where is the Pasteur Institute? | back 66 In Paris, France. It is the leader in AIDS research now. Pasteur was eventually looked at the savior of the children and his body is in this institute. |
front 67 What is Ozzy Osbourne known for? | back 67 1 of 1000 people to have his genes sequenced. He was a member of the Black Sabbath band and bit the head off a bat during a concert. Later, kids found frozen bats and mimicked ozzy. All had to be tested for rabies. |
front 68 Who are the two biggest contributors to give us info over microbiology? | back 68 Pasteur and Robert Koch (Germany) |
front 69 What two things did Robert Koch discover and give background info? | back 69 He came up with the pure culture and he developed the solid medium concept. He did this by using slices of potatoes and did streak plates on potatoes- some bacteria grew on them. A wife of one of his researchers told him to use the agar in her perservatives (gelling agent). |
front 70 What was the next agent Koch used after the potato? Describe it? | back 70 Gelatin. It is a protein and was unsasistifactory b/c of two reasons. 1. It melted @ 37C. 2. Many bacteria can digest gelatin. |
front 71 What was the next agent Koch used after the gelatin? | back 71 Agar- It is an extract of algae (a certain seaweed). It is a complex polysacciharide containing sulfated sugars. It can't be digested by most microbial species. IT can't be melted until you boil it. |
front 72 What are the two main properties of agar? | back 72 It melts @ 100C. Once it's a liquid, it doesnt gel until temperature drops down to 45C. The low solidifying temp. permits the addition of bacteria to melted agar (45C). |
front 73 What is the definition of Koch's Postulates? | back 73 way to prove something is a cause of disease |
front 74 What are the 4 Koch's Postulates? | back 74 1. The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in ALL cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals. Observe blood/tissue of diseased /healthy animal. We shouldn't see bacteria in our own blood.
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front 75 Have we proved HIV causes AIDS? | back 75 No, b/c we can't put the virus into a healthy human and we can't test it in animals b/c it doesn't work in them. |
front 76 T. or F. Anthrax is mainly a disease of humans. | back 76 F. mainly a disease of animals but can get into humans and kill. |
front 77 Who was important in figuring out anthrax? | back 77 Robert Koch |
front 78 What is the bacteria called that cause anthrax and describe it. | back 78 Bacillus anthracis. (gram +). Animals typically contract it by ingesting or inhaling spores that can survive in soil for decades. Spores are a survival tool-they don't reproduce. |
front 79 What does anthrax cause? | back 79 It causes sudden death (symptom). Another symptom is the animal will bleed out from every oriface. The small blood vessels break and leak out. |
front 80 What are the 3 ways to get anthrax? | back 80 inhale, digest, and through cuts. W/out treatment it can be fatal. But early treatment w/ antibiotics is very effective. |
front 81 What year was the big outbreak of anthrax? | back 81 2001 |
front 82 What are the three forms of human anthrax? | back 82 Most get cutaneous anthrax (get it from cuts) or gastrointestinal or pulmonary. |
front 83 What are the symptoms in humans from anthrax and what medicine do they give to those infected? | back 83 swelling, black lesions, no fever. They give intravenous penicillin. It is a drug that only works on the growing from of this disease, NOT THE SPORES. Does not work in viruses either. |
front 84 What is the number of metric tons of anthrax the US and Soviet Union have? | back 84 US=0.9, Soviet Union=4,500 |
front 85 What was pumped into offices of the Senate building when there was thought of an anthrax attack? | back 85 Cholorin dioxide. This gas kills even the spore form. |
front 86 Where did they trace the stains of anthrax found in mailed letters? | back 86 They traced it to Bruce E. Ivins. We don't know why he did it and sent the anthrax out. |
front 87 What is the term for animal and humans contracted a virus? | back 87 zoonosis |
front 88 Why isn't anthrax common in humans? | back 88 1. We have a vaccination. 2. We can vaccinate livestock. 3. Better working conditions to people exposed to livestock products. |
front 89 What are 3 characteristics of anthrax that make it an ideal biohazard? | back 89 1. the spores- capable of growing into new pathogenic reagents.
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front 90 Who is the father of natural immunity and what did he promote? | back 90 Elie Metchnikoff. He promoted the cellular side of immunity. |
front 91 Who are the two pioneers of cellular and humoral immunology and who goes with which one? | back 91 Elie Metchnikoff: cellular (cells are responsible for our protection). Paul Ehrlich: humoral immunity (French term menaing liquid/fluid based). They both got the Nobel prize in 2008 for their achievements in immunity. |
front 92 What are the 2 forms of immunity and describe each one. | back 92 Innate Immunity (Natural) Goes after anything in the body; not specific. 1. Phagocyte mediated (Neutrophils, macrophages).
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front 93 Describe Metchinikoff's experiment how he discovered innate immunity. | back 93 He took rose thorns off a thorn bush and put them under the skin of a starfish larvae. This experiment formed the basis of his phagocyte research. he noticed injury attracted a bunch of cells attracted just where the damage was. He also put stuff like anthrax in white blood cells in many animals to show this same concept. |
front 94 Describe tissue macrophages as scavengers. | back 94 They are present in liver, spleen, and kidney. They seize upon living cells by means of protoplasmic prolongations to draw them in and digest. |
front 95 Describe macrophages in tubercolosis. | back 95 Serve as critical defenders of the host against tubercolosis. W/out a doubt the phagocytes are capable of engulfing these bacteria. |
front 96 Phagocytes (WBC's) have the ability to move. What is the term called where phagocytes sense damage in skin and go to damage and stick by crawling through blood vessels? | back 96 Diapedesis |
front 97 Paul Ehrlich thought that microbes have features that attach to them (antibodies). What is the book called that was wrote about him? | back 97 Magic Bullet. The term comes from trying to come up w/ a drug that acts like a magic bullet- it finds the microbe, kills it, and it all happens w/out hurting you. |
front 98 How did Paul 1st come up with this magic bullet concept? | back 98 By studying Syphillus (STD). It is a bacterium called Treponema pallidium. They used darkfield microscopy to view it. It is a spirochete (flexible). |
front 99 Describe the Treponema pallidium (Syphillus). | back 99 1st stage- Get it on genatils, goes into blood, and gets in organs. It is unique b/c we can not streak plate this bacteria. It won't grow on the plate. The original way to cure this bacteria was to use mercury on the skin. This was the 1st treatment. |
front 100 What was the 2nd treatment for Syphillus that is termed the magic bullet? | back 100 Paul Ehrlich came up w/ Compound 606 which is composed of small amounts of arsenic and is a chemical drug. |
front 101 Who was the surgeon came up w/ the idea to prevent wounds from getting infected by spraying air/skin w/ a fine mist of carbolic acid producing an antiseptic enviroment? | back 101 Joseph Lister |
front 102 What is the product called named after him? | back 102 Listerine |
front 103 Do disinfectants used in surgery like alcohol or iodine get rid of every bacteria? | back 103 No! |
front 104 What is the difference b/w antiseptics and disinfectants? | back 104 Antiseptics= something you use on or in body (not as toxic but designed to get rid of microbes on body). Disinfectants= used on surfaces and kill more bacteria (can't use on humans b/c it's too concentrated). |
front 105 Who discovered Penicillin? And describe it. | back 105 Alexander Fleming. Penicillin is an ANTIBIOTIC discovered in early 20th century. The genus Penicillium produces a drug called penicillin. He found that his streak plate bacteria was staying away from a moldlike bacteria. In molds, if you see oil like droplets, that's where the penicillin is at. |
front 106 What is an antibiotic? | back 106 microbe producing a drug compound that is toxix to other microbes. |
front 107 What bacteria is very sensitive to penicillin? | back 107 Streptococcus which causes strep throat. |
front 108 Who said "fortune favors the prepared mind." | back 108 Louis Pasteur |
front 109 What was 1 of the original applicatons for Penicillin? | back 109 Gonorrhea. They said it could cure it in 2 hours. |
front 110 T or F. Penicillin is a magic bullet except for people who are allergic to it. | back 110 T. about 5% are allergic to it. |
front 111 What was Fleming's 2nd discovery? | back 111 The lysozyme. It is an enzyme that a human can make in saliva/mucous/tears. Fleming stuck some of his nasal discharge in the middle of a plate of bacteria. He noticed that there must be something in mucous which dissolved or killed the microbes in its immediate neighborhood. |
front 112 What are two other things Fleming tested his theory on? | back 112 He tested his theory on large gram (+) coccus. He saw how the opaque color of the cells turned clear. He also tried it on tears and had the same results. |
front 113 Describe lysozymes more. | back 113 It appears lysozymes are made to get rid of microbes in the nose/eyes. It is a natural compound made in our body. Lysozymes are also found in egg whites. |
front 114 T or F. The cell wall is not a unique structure to bacteria. | back 114 F. It is a unique structure to bacteria. |
front 115 What is the cell wall pertaining to bacteria? What is an interesting aspect when comparing it to humans that don't have a cell wall. | back 115 It is the outside layer of a bacterial cell. Most bacteria have one- humans do not. An interesting aspect is that there are drugs (magic bullet) that hurts bacteria but not humans since there is no cell wall. |
front 116 Describe the differences of the gram (+) and gram (-) cell walls in bacteria. | back 116 Gram (+) bacteria have peptidoglycan that sits on top of the cell membrane. They have multiple layers of it. We would expect a drug that affects peptidoglycan could find its target much more readily on gram (+) than (-) since it has so much more.
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front 117 What 2 things does peptidoglycan need to form and describe the chain formation. | back 117 It needs N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). They hook together in alternating forms (ex. NAM-NAG-NAM-NAG). There are two layers of the NAM-NAG-NAM. Hinging off the NAM's (NOT the NAG) is 4 amino acids called a tetra-peptide chain. Coming off of the 3rd and 4th tetra-peptide's is peptide interbridge composed of gram (+) cells that link the two layers together. |
front 118 Describe the plant cell wall. | back 118 Plant cells do have cell walls but they don't contain peptidoglycan. Instead they are composed of cellulose which is a bunch of parallel chains of glucose. **It is not as strong as bacterial cell walls. |
front 119 What is another important polysaccaride found in the exoskelton of things like insects or spiders? Describe it. | back 119 Chitin. It's formation is strictly (NAG-NAG-NAG). There is NO (NAM's). It is not cross-hatched and is strong and rigid. But it is still NOT AS STRONG as bacteria cell walls. |
front 120 T or F. Cell walls serve as barriers. Walls are rigid so we can't get big things readily through them. But, the ridigity is important for the integrity of bacteria. | back 120 T. |
front 121 What does the cell wall do to break down big substances? | back 121 The cell wall secretes enzymes that are transported outside the wall to break down substances. The enzymes hydrolyze the bonds on nutrients. |
front 122 T or F. MIcrobial traits such as thin cell walls are key to survival on land. | back 122 F. THICK CELL WALLS. Gram (+) bacteria have extra thick walls that help them survive in places where they would dry out w/out thick wall. |
front 123 Pertaining to the human RBC, describe isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. | back 123 First, note that the human RBC doesn't have a cell wall.
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front 124 Do bacterial cells react the same way as human RBC's to isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environments? | back 124 No! Bacterial cell wall stays the same. As long as the wall stays the same, the bacteria will survive and won't have the same shrinking or swelling characteristics. |