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AP Psychology Sem. 1 Final

front 1

Scientific Methodology

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Good luck!

front 2

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

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Critical thinking

front 3

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is

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Statistically significant

front 4

A researcher who gathers and analyzes data from student essay test responses without talking with the students about the study violates which ethical principle of human experimentation?

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Informed consent

front 5

In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the dependent variable?

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Number of terms remembered

front 6

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

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Random sampling

front 7

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.

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Control

front 8

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

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Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

front 9

Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is

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$13

front 10

During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was

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7

front 11

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

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Positively correlated

front 12

Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?

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Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.

front 13

Critical thinkers can best be described as

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Questioning

front 14

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?

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The experimental group receives the experimental treatment

front 15

Psychologists' personal values and goals

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can bias their observations and interpretations.

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If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

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negatively correlated.

front 17

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about

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which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

front 18

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates

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Overconfidence

front 19

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

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exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

front 20

According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates

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the hindsight bias.

front 21

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

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a hypothesis

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Which measure of variation is most affected by extreme scores?

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range

front 23

In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?

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time of day

front 24

To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a

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scatterplot

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Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

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The experimental treatment is absent.

front 26

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of

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random sampling

front 27

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

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random assignment.

front 28

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)

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population

front 29

Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?

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empirical approach

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A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

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experiment

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Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

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wording effects

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If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

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68

front 33

The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates

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the placebo effect.

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Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

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naturalistic observation.

front 35

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?

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survey

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Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

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theory

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Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates

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overconfidence

front 38

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

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prediction

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Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________.

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range; median

front 40

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between

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causes and effects.

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What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables?

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random assignment

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To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

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the case study

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A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

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debriefing

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Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

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naturalistic observation.

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Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?

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a perceived but nonexistent correlation

front 46

In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a(n)

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placebo

front 47

Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is

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7

front 48

Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of

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the double-blind procedure.

front 49

Why is replication important to science?

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Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.

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During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is

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14

front 51

Historical Psychology

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Good luck!

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A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is

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limited in its scope.

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A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.

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psychodynamic

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The psychologist who would be least likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a(n) _______ psychologist.

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experimental

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Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states?

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biological

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Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

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evolutionary

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Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

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biological

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Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities?

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social-cultural

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The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as

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natural selection.

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Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

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behavioral

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Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

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evolutionary

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Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as

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introspection.

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Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of

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healthy growth potential.

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The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

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psychiatrist.

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The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called

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introspection.

front 66

When a professional golfer continued to struggle with her swing, she consulted Dr. Ozak, who helped her learn new strategies to help her improve her performance. Dr. Ozak is a(n) _______ psychologist.

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sports

front 67

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

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behavioral

front 68

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

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nature versus nurture.

front 69

According to the text, the SQ3R study method is effective because it

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utilizes active processing of the text information.

front 70

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

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adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.

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Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development?

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biopsychosocial

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Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

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evolutionary

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Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ approach.

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biopsychosocial

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Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

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cognitive

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Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

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developmental

front 76

Clinical psychologists specialize in

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providing therapy to troubled people.

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Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences?

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cognitive

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Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

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personality

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Robert wants to pursue a degree in a field in which he could help people learn how to change their lives, such as determining what career best suits them. The subfield that is most applicable in this area is

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counseling psychology.

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The psychologist most likely to help an attorney make selections of jury members is a(n) ____ psychologist.

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forensic

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The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

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people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

front 82

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

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cognitive

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Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

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evolutionary

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Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.

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cognitive

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Nature vs. Nurture

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Good luck!

front 86

Evolutionary psychologists would be the most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes towards casual sex to the fact that men have_________than do women

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greater reproductive potential

front 87

Which of the following is most likely to be the most similar in genetic makeup?

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a brother and sister

front 88

All the cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes EXCEPT

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the sex cells.

front 89

Women are more likely than men to:

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engage in intimate conversations with others

front 90

When teased by his older sister, nine year old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:

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gender roles

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Which of the following statements is true of a child with blue eyes?

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The mother could have had blue eyes and the father could have had brown eyes.

The father could have had blue eyes and the mother could have has brown eyes.

Both parents could have has brown eyes.

front 92

The question of whether behavior is largely learned or largely inherited is part of which psychological issue?

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the nature-nurture issue

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The human genome is the complete:

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sequence of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA

front 94

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelly is usually quiet and easy going. The two children

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temperament

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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are:

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authoritative

front 96

The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than on their __________.

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religious beliefs; personality traits

front 97

If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:

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natural selection

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Women are more likely than men to:

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engage in intimate conversations with others

front 99

One reason that psychologist are interested in genetics determination of physical characteristics is because they care about

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the physical aspects of growth and development.

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According to evolutionary psychologists, men judge women as especially attractive if they appear ________ and women judge men especially attractive if they appear _________.

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youthful; mature

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Environmental influence on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing________ and ___________

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identical twins raised together; identical twins raised apart

front 102

Ten-year-old Brittany insists on wearing very feminine-looking clothes because she wants to appear ladylike. This best illustrates the impact of:

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gender typing

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Following conception, the single cell that is made up of 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father is called the

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zygote

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In order to prevent teens from smoking, intervention programs for youth should first pay attention to the impact of _______on teen smoking habits

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peer influence

front 105

A good explanation for the relationship between heredity and environment is that

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a favorable environment allows genetic input to reach its full potential.

front 106

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelly is usually quiet and easy going. The two children

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temperament

front 107

Sensation & Perception

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Good luck!

front 108

Your new love interest has big beautiful brown eyes. You are admiring his or her

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iris.

front 109

The function of the lens is to:

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focus an image on the retina.

front 110

Olfactory cells are the receptors for what senses?

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Smell

front 111

Which of the following occupations relies heavily on kinesthetic and vestibular senses?

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Gymnast

front 112

The receptors for the sense of smell are

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hair cells inside the nasal cavity

front 113

The basic experience of the stimulation of the body's senses is called:

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Sensation

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The reason that we have trouble seeing for five or ten minutes after entering a darkened theater on a sunny afternoon is that it takes time for

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the optic nerve to adapt to the sudden change from light to dark.

front 115

Which of the following pain control techniques is emphasized in the Lamaze method of childbirth training?

back 115

distraction

front 116

Of all of our senses, the one that has the most direct pathway to the cortex, that is lateralized or the one that does not involve the thalamus is

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olfaction

front 117

If you had an inner ear infection, which sensory system might you expect to be affected?

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vestibular

front 118

Taste: 1 gram of table salt in 500 liters of water; smell: 1 drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment; touch: the wing of a bee falling on your check from a height of 1 centimeter away. These are all examples.

back 118

the absolute threshold of our senses.

front 119

As you munch a chocolate bar, which general part of the tongue tells your brain that it is sweet?

back 119

front of the tongue

front 120

Deaf culture advocates are most likely to object to the use of cochlear implants for:

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children who have been deaf from birth.

front 121

Hearing is based on

back 121

vibrations

front 122

If Jalen wants to get maximum "sweetness" value from her lollipop, she should

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lick the lollipop with tip of her tongue.

front 123

Rods are to cones as ____________.

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black and whites is to color

front 124

The greatest density of cones exists in which part of the eye?

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Fovea

front 125

The gate-control theory is an attempt to explain

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pain.

front 126

A decibel is a measure of

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loudness.

front 127

The auditory cortex is located within the:

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temporal lobes.

front 128

What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense?

back 128

walking a straight line with our eyes closed

front 129

Which of the following NOT a primary taste quality?

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oily

front 130

Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?

back 130

olfactory receptors

front 131

Sound waves cause vibrations of the

back 131

eardrum.

front 132

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

back 132

dilation of the pupils

front 133

When the molecules of a skunk's spray enter your nose, the molecules are transformed into electrical signals, or impulses, that are interpreted by the brain as an unpleasant odor. This is an example of:

back 133

Transduction

front 134

The sensation of hot occurs when

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a pattern of both warm and cold are stimulated.

front 135

The final step required to convert vibrations into sound sensations takes place in which parts of the ear?

back 135

Ossicles

front 136

The cochlea is to the ear as the ________ is to the eye.

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retina

front 137

Of all of the senses listed, which has the greatest number of known, specialized receptors cells?

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skin

front 138

Parapsychology refers to the:

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study of phenemena such as telepathy or clairvoyance.

front 139

Eight-year old Claudia is trying to draw a house with a tree behind it. The problem is that she draws the tree too large if it is truly behind the house. Claudia has not yet developed the artist's ability to portray distance by

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relative size

front 140

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of

back 140

top-down processing.

front 141

Trichromats can mix which three colors to perceive virtually any hue?

back 141

red, green, and blue

front 142

An exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less importance odors such as a skunk spray fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of greatest relevance to:

back 142

signal detection theory.

front 143

If John cannot tell the difference between Mary's two favorite perfumes, then for John, the two scents must be less then apart.

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a difference threshold

front 144

As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as:

back 144

linear perspective.

front 145

The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychologist is the:

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inability to subject claims of ESP to scientific testing.

front 146

Guilio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag to feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Guilio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

back 146

Weber's law.

front 147

If you go into a darkened room and it takes you a few minutes to see anything,

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dark adaptation is taking place.

front 148

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory:

back 148

the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.

front 149

The perception of Bugs Bunny running away from Elmer Fudd is best illustrated:

back 149

stroboscopic movement.

front 150

Figure is to ground as ______ is to _______.

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moon; sky

front 151

A person who is blind in one eye cannot use which cue to depth?

back 151

retinal disparity.

front 152

Andre claims that he can male a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration.

back 152

psychokinesis

front 153

A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates:

back 153

selective attention.

front 154

Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to posses the power of:

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clairvoyance

front 155

Which Gestalt principle of organization is demonstrated in the following pattern?

XX XX XX XX XX XX

back 155

proximity

front 156

Telepathy refers to the:

back 156

extrasensory transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.

front 157

In the perceptual process, after we select the stimuli to be perceived, we then _________ the sensations into a meaningful Gestalt.

back 157

organize

front 158

An afterimage can best be defined as:

back 158

Sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed.

front 159

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother's face. The best illustrated the importance of

back 159

bottom-up processing.

front 160

Charlies and Sharon live near an airport. However, they are not longer awakened by the sound of planes flying low overhead. The best explanation for this is

back 160

sensory adaptation.

front 161

The cover of a book appears to be a rectangle regardless of the angle from which it is viewed. The phenomenon is known as

back 161

shape constancy.

front 162

News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on moviegoers' consumption of popcorn and Coca-Cola involved false claims regarding:

back 162

subliminal stimulation.

front 163

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates:

back 163

parallel processing.

front 164

You see two trees, which in reality are of equal height. One is 50 feet away from you and the other is 200 feet away. The image that you receive from the farther tree will be _______ than the image from the closer tree. According to the principle of size constancy, you will perceive the two trees as _______ in size.

back 164

smaller; the same

front 165

The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four non-intersecting lines illustrates the principles of:

back 165

continuity.

front 166

As you drive by a construction site at night, you notice that a number of stationary, flashing warning lights appear to be moving back and forth. You are experiencing

back 166

the phi phenomenon.

front 167

Infants who were previously exposed to the visual cliff:

back 167

refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers.

front 168

Because the two teams wore different-colored uniforms, Cheri perceived the ten basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrates the principle of:

back 168

similarity.

front 169

Memory

back 169

Good luck!

front 170

Deja vu refers to the:

back 170

eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or events.

front 171

Short-term memory is _______ permanent and _______ limited then long-term memory.

back 171

less; more

front 172

The cerebellum is associated with which of the following types of memory?

back 172

procedural memory for conditioned responses`

front 173

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being utilized?

back 173

reconstruction

front 174

The three stages of information processing memory model are ______________.

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sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

front 175

We speak primarily of _______ and ______ when we speak of sensory memory.

back 175

vision; auditory

front 176

The portion of the limbic system which seems to be responsible for the formation of new memories is:

back 176

the hippocampus

front 177

According to the information-processing model of memory, acquisition is to retention as is to

back 177

encoding; storage

front 178

Judy is embarrassed because she suddenly cannot remember a friend’s name. Judy’s poor memory most likely results from a failure in:

back 178

retrieval challenges

front 179

Automatic processing occurs without:

back 179

conscious awareness.

front 180

On the first day of a study, an individual is conditioned to blink at the sound of a buzzer. On day two of the study, that same individual is somewhat slower to acquire the blink response at the sound of a bell. This “blocking” effect is an example of:

back 180

proactive interference

front 181

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve demonstrates that memory _______.

back 181

decline rapidly and then levels off

front 182

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ___________ memory.

back 182

explicit.

front 183

If you have to make a conscious effort to recall information about your grandmother's famous cookies recipe, that information is said to be _______.

back 183

explicit

front 184

Doug wrote a grocery list of 10 times, but leaves it at home. The list included in order: peas, corn, squash, onions, apples, pears, bananas, flour, milk, and eggs. If the law of primacy holds, which of the following is Doug most likely to remember when he gets to the store?

back 184

peas, corn, squash

front 185

Tim, a third grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using:

back 185

a mnemonic device.

front 186

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates:

back 186

state-dependent memory.

front 187

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection best illustrates ________ memory.

back 187

implicit

front 188

When 80 year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as a powerful:

back 188

retrieval cues.

front 189

An example of episodic memory is ___________.

back 189

remembering the events surrounding the day you got a puppy for your seventh birthday

front 190

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros", Samantha writes the word 30 times. She is using a technique known as:

back 190

maintenance rehearsal.

front 191

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy’s tactic best illustrates the use of:

back 191

the method of loci.

front 192

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember:

back 192

the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking

front 193

Which of the following is the best example of context dependent memory?

back 193

students who learn a vocabulary list while in a particular classroom does better at recalling the words when in that same environment

front 194

Dividing a 10 digit number like 2133067508 into several parts, such as 213-306-75-08, to make it easier to remember is an example of

back 194

chunking.

front 195

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

back 195

retrieval.

front 196

Most people can store ________ digits or numbers in their short-term memory.

back 196

5 to 9

front 197

Which of the following examples best illustrates episodic memory?

back 197

remembering the events about the clowns that were at your fifth birthday party

front 198

The process of encoding refers to:

back 198

getting information into memory.

front 199

A mnemonic device is a:

back 199

memory aid.

front 200

Thinking & Language

back 200

Good luck!

front 201

Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision-making, concept formation, and forming judgments?

back 201

cognitive psychology

front 202

Morphemes are:

back 202

the smallest speech units that carry meaning

front 203

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two difference meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:

back 203

semantic

front 204

Koko, the ape, was taught to communicate by means of:

back 204

sign language.

front 205

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the of the English language

back 205

Syntax

front 206

When Mariah’s mother drops her off at preschool, Mariah says only one word, “Mama.” This is an example of

back 206

One-word stage

front 207

In the words “lightly,” “neatly,” and “shortly,” the “ly” ending is a(n):

back 207

morpheme.

front 208

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a:

back 208

phoneme

front 209

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by:

back 209

as inborn readiness to learn language rules

front 210

Two-year-old Dirk’s sentences – “Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone” – are examples of:

back 210

telegraphic speech.

front 211

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vechicles, we are using this word as a(n)

back 211

concept

front 212

Prototype is to concept as ______ is to _____-

back 212

rose; flower

front 213

Myron didn't know whether the boy's locker room was located down the hallway to his right or the one to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the left hallway. Myron's strategy for finding the locker room best illustrates the use of:

back 213

trial and error

front 214

On her way to London, Janet was invited into the cockpit to meet the pilot, Alex. She was surprised to see that Alex was a woman. This is an example of:

back 214

representative heuristic.

front 215

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the hazards of:

back 215

fixations.

front 216

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by mean of:

back 216

an algorithm

front 217

Algorithms and heuristics are both

back 217

problem-solving strategies.

front 218

Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates:

back 218

functional fixedness.

front 219

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their _____ of a nurse.

back 219

mental set

front 220

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates:

back 220

the framing effect.

front 221

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by:

back 221

framing effect

front 222

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to:

back 222

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

front 223

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs Gale, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs Gale surveillance strategy best illustrates:

back 223

confirmation bias

front 224

Which of the following illustrates an application of artificial intelligence?

back 224

A computer that enables apes to communicate with humans

A computer-controlled system that stimulates the sound of human voices

A computer programmed to play chess

front 225

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates:

back 225

insight

front 226

As he attempted to spell the word "receive," Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of:

back 226

a heuristic.

front 227

Biological Bases of Behavior

back 227

Good luck!

front 228

One function of the glial cells is to

back 228

provide nutrients to neurons.

front 229

Within a single neuron the action potential

back 229

travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.

front 230

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what?

back 230

antagonists

front 231

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

back 231

speak fluently.

front 232

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to

back 232

facially express emotions.

front 233

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

back 233

depression.

front 234

Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?

back 234

hippocampus

front 235

The reticular formation is located in the

back 235

brainstem.

front 236

Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure?

back 236

right hemisphere

front 237

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which

back 237

dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.

front 238

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the

back 238

medulla.

front 239

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

back 239

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

front 240

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

back 240

action potential.

front 241

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the

back 241

spinal cord.

front 242

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?

back 242

agonists

front 243

The function of dendrites is to

back 243

receive incoming signals from other neurons.

front 244

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

back 244

reuptake

front 245

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the

back 245

corpus callosum.

front 246

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the

back 246

axon.

front 247

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the

back 247

endocrine system.

front 248

Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an

back 248

oversupply of glutamate.

front 249

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.

back 249

seeing; hearing

front 250

While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the “fight-or-flight” response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?

back 250

sympathetic nervous system

front 251

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his

back 251

association areas.

front 252

While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the “rest-and-digest” response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?

back 252

parasympathetic nervous system

front 253

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter

back 253

dopamine.

front 254

The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called

back 254

phrenology.

front 255

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?

back 255

occipital lobes

front 256

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the

back 256

adrenal glands.

front 257

The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of

back 257

neural networks.

front 258

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of

back 258

visual perception.

front 259

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

back 259

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.

front 260

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

back 260

threshold.

front 261

Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?

back 261

pituitary

front 262

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the

back 262

myelin sheath.

front 263

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of

back 263

brain plasticity.

front 264

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

back 264

Wernicke's area

front 265

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as

back 265

acetylcholine.

front 266

The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called

back 266

synapses.

front 267

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.

back 267

sympathetic

front 268

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.

back 268

polarization; depolarization

front 269

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?

back 269

occipital lobes

front 270

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system.

back 270

peripheral

front 271

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

back 271

neurotransmitters.

front 272

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?

back 272

EEG

front 273

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

back 273

parietal

front 274

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via

back 274

interneurons.

front 275

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called “Tan.” He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?

back 275

left frontal lobe

front 276

The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of

back 276

touch.

front 277

The association areas are located in the

back 277

cerebral cortex.

front 278

The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter

back 278

dopamine.

front 279

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.

back 279

motor neurons

front 280

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)

back 280

MRI.

front 281

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

back 281

sensory cortex

front 282

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.

back 282

breathing; walking

front 283

Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question “What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?”

back 283

right hemisphere

front 284

An axon is

back 284

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.

front 285

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the

back 285

endocrine system.

front 286

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)

back 286

fMRI.

front 287

For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.

back 287

sensory neurons

front 288

The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the

back 288

limbic system.

front 289

Neuropsychology

back 289

Good luck!

front 290

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of

back 290

visual perception.

front 291

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the

back 291

spinal cord.

front 292

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his

back 292

association areas.

front 293

An axon is

back 293

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.

front 294

Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and blood flow to which brain structure?

back 294

right hemisphere

front 295

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.

back 295

sympathetic

front 296

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

back 296

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

front 297

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.

back 297

motor neurons

front 298

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the

back 298

endocrine system.

front 299

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?

back 299

occipital lobes

front 300

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to

back 300

facially express emotions.

front 301

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the

back 301

axon.

front 302

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

back 302

threshold.

front 303

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

back 303

neurotransmitters.

front 304

The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the

back 304

limbic system.

front 305

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

back 305

Wernicke's area

front 306

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the

back 306

corpus callosum.

front 307

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as

back 307

acetylcholine.

front 308

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.

back 308

polarization; depolarization

front 309

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called “Tan.” He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?

back 309

left frontal lobe

front 310

While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the “rest-and-digest” response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?

back 310

parasympathetic nervous system

front 311

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

back 311

speak fluently.

front 312

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

back 312

action potential.

front 313

The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of

back 313

neural networks.

front 314

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system.

back 314

peripheral

front 315

Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question “What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?”

back 315

right hemisphere

front 316

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.

back 316

seeing; hearing

front 317

Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an

back 317

oversupply of glutamate.

front 318

Within a single neuron the action potential

back 318

travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.

front 319

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the

back 319

myelin sheath.

front 320

The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called

back 320

synapses.

front 321

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?

back 321

occipital lobes

front 322

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)

back 322

MRI.

front 323

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?

back 323

agonists

front 324

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which

back 324

dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.

front 325

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter

back 325

dopamine.

front 326

The function of dendrites is to

back 326

receive incoming signals from other neurons.

front 327

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via

back 327

interneurons.

front 328

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the

back 328

adrenal glands.

front 329

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the

back 329

medulla.

front 330

Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?

back 330

pituitary

front 331

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

back 331

sensory cortex

front 332

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the

back 332

endocrine system.

front 333

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?

back 333

EEG

front 334

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

back 334

parietal

front 335

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

back 335

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.

front 336

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)

back 336

fMRI.

front 337

While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the “fight-or-flight” response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?

back 337

sympathetic nervous system

front 338

One function of the glial cells is to

back 338

provide nutrients to neurons.

front 339

Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?

back 339

hippocampus

front 340

The reticular formation is located in the

back 340

brainstem.

front 341

The association areas are located in the

back 341

cerebral cortex.

front 342

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

back 342

depression.

front 343

The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of

back 343

touch.

front 344

The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter

back 344

dopamine.

front 345

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what?

back 345

antagonists

front 346

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.

back 346

breathing; walking

front 347

For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.

back 347

sensory neurons

front 348

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

back 348

reuptake