front 1 1. A portion of the lamina located between the superior and inferior process is called the? | back 1 Pars interarticularis |
front 2 2. The superior and inferior vertebral notches join together to form the? | back 2 Intervertebral foramina |
front 3 3. Which radiographic position best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina? | back 3 Lateral position |
front 4 4. The small foramina found in the sacrum are called? | back 4 Pelvic sacral foramina |
front 5 5. The anterior and superior aspect of the sacrum that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic inlet is called the? | back 5 promontory |
front 6 6. What is another name for the sacral horns? | back 6 cornua |
front 7 7. The sacroiliac joints lie at an oblique angle of? to the coronal plane | back 7 30 degrees |
front 8 8. What is the formal term for the tail bone? | back 8 coccyx |
front 9 9. What is the name for the superior broad aspect of the coccyx? | back 9 base |
front 10 10. Classification, mobility, and movement type for Zygapopseal joint? | back 10 synovial, dIarthroidal, plane, or gliding |
front 11 11. Classification, mobility, and movement type for Intervertebral Joints | back 11 cartilaginous, amphiarthrodial, no movement |
front 12 12. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with the LPO position | back 12 Left zygapophyseal joints |
front 13 13. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with the RAO position | back 13 Left zygapophyseal joints |
front 14 14. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with the Lateral position | back 14 Intervertebral foramina |
front 15 15. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with the RPO position | back 15 Right zygapophyseal joints |
front 16 16. List the specific joints or foramina that are demonstrated with the LAO position | back 16 Right zygapophyseal joints |
front 17 17. The degree of obliquity required for an oblique projection at the T12- L1 level is approximately | back 17 50 degrees |
front 18 18 The L5-S1 level spine requires a ___ degree oblique | back 18 30 degrees |
front 19 19. A ___ oblique is performed for the general lumbar spine. | back 19 45 degrees |
front 20 20. ASIS is at what vertebral level | back 20 S1-S2 |
front 21 21. Xiphoid process is at what vertebral level | back 21 T9-T10 |
front 22 22. Lower costal margin is at what vertebral level | back 22 L2-L3 |
front 23 23. Iliac crest is at what vertebral level | back 23 L4-L5 |
front 24 24. Symphysis pubis is at what vertebral level | back 24 Tip of coccyx |
front 25 25. True or False: The use of higher kV and lower mA seconds for a lumbar spine improves contrast but increases patient dose? | back 25 False |
front 26 26. True or False: Placing a lead blocker mat behind the patient for a lateral spine position improves image quality? | back 26 True |
front 27 27. True or False: Gonadal shielding should always be used for male and female patients for studies of the lumbar, sacrum and coccyx. | back 27 False |
front 28 28. True or False: The anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine opens the intervertebral joint spaces better than the PA projection. | back 28 False |
front 29 29. True or False: The knees and hips should be extended for an AP projection of the lumbar spine. | back 29 False |
front 30 30. True or False: An increased SID of 44 or 46 reduces distortion of spine anatomy. | back 30 True |
front 31 31. True or False: The lead blocker mat and close collimation must not be used when performing digital imaging or the lumbar spine. | back 31 False |
front 32 32. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological features of osteoporosis | back 32 Bone densitometry |
front 33 33. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological features of soft tissues of lumbar spine | back 33 MRI |
front 34 34. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological features of structures within the subarachnoid space | back 34 MRI |
front 35 35. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological features of Inflammatory condition such as pagets disease | back 35 Nuclear Medicine |
front 36 36. What is the best modality that demonstrates the pathological features of compression fractures of the lumbar spine | back 36 CT |
front 37 37. Lateral curvature of the vertebral column | back 37 scoliosis |
front 38 38. Fracture of the vertebral body caused by hyperflexion force | back 38 Chance Fracture |
front 39 39. Congenital defect in which the posterior elements of the vertebral fail to unite. | back 39 Spina bifida |
front 40 40. Most common at the L4-L5 level and may result in sciatica | back 40 Herniated nucleus pulposus |
front 41 41. Forward displacement of one vertebra onto another vertebra | back 41 Spondylolisthesis |
front 42 42. Inflammatory condition that is most common in males in their thirties | back 42 Ankylosing spondylitis |
front 43 43. Dissolution and separation of the pars interarticularis | back 43 Spondylolysis |
front 44 44. A type of fracture that rarely causes neurologic deficits | back 44 Compression fracture |
front 45 45. CR is centered at the level of ____ for an AP and lateral lumbar spine projections | back 45 Illiac crest |
front 46 46. What two structures can be evaluated to determine whether rotation is present on a radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine? | back 46 Sacroiliac joints and Spinous process |
front 47 47. How much rotation is required to properly visualize the zygapophyseal joints at L5-S1? | back 47 30 degrees |
front 48 48. What set of zygapophyseal joints is demonstrated with an LAO position? | back 48 Right (upside) |
front 49 49. The _______ which is the eye of the "scottie dog" should be near the center of the vertebral body on a correctly obliqued lumbar spine? | back 49 Pedicle |
front 50 50. Which positioning error has been committed if the "eye of the scottie dog" are projected too far posterior with a 45 oblique position of the lumbar spine | back 50 excessive rotation |
front 51 51. Which position or projection of the lumbar spine series best demonstrates a possible compression fracture? | back 51 Lateral |
front 52 52. A patient with a wide pelvis and narrow thorax may require a CR angle of ___ with caudad or cephalad for a lateral position of the lumbar spine | back 52 5 to 8 degress caudad |
front 53 53. How should the spine of a patient with scoliosis be positioned for a lateral position of the lumbar spine | back 53 With the sag or convexity of the spine closest to the IR |
front 54 54. Why should the knees and hips be flexed for an AP lumbar spine projection? | back 54 Reduces lumbar curvature, which opens the intervertebral disk space |
front 55 55. True or False: the female ovarian dose used for a PA lumbar spine projection is approximately 30 percent less than the dose from an AP projection | back 55 True |
front 56 56. Where is the CR centered for a lateral L5-S1 projection of the lumbar spine | back 56 1 1/2 inches inferior to the iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS |
front 57 57. What amount of CR angle is required for an AP axial L5-S1 projection on a male patient. | back 57 30 degrees cephalad |
front 58 58. True or False: PA or AP projection for a scoliosis series frequently includes one erect and one recumbent position for comparison. | back 58 Ture |
front 59 59. True or False: A PA projection for a scoliosis series produces only about 1/10 the dose to the breasts as compared with the AP projection, even if proper collimation is used. | back 59 True |
front 60 60. Which techniques or devices produce a more uniform density along the vertebral column for an AP/PA scoliosis projection. | back 60 Compensation filter |
front 61 61. Which side of the spine should be elevated for the second exposure for the AP/PA projection scoliosis series (by having patient stand on a block with one foot. | back 61 The convex side of the spine |
front 62 62. During the AP (PA) right and left bending projections of the lumbar spine, the ___ must remain stationary during positioning. | back 62 Pelvis |
front 63 63. Which projections should be taken to evaluate flexibility following spinal fusion surgery? | back 63 Hyperextension and hyperflexion projections |
front 64 64. How much CR angle is required for an AP projection of the sacrum for a typical male patient? | back 64 15 degrees cephalad |
front 65 65. If a patient can not lie on his back for the AP sacrum because it is too painful, what alternative projection can be taken to achieve a similar view of the sacrum? | back 65 A PA with 15 degrees Caudad CR angle |
front 66 66. Where is the CR for an AP projection of the coccyx. | back 66 2 inches superior to the pubis symphysis |
front 67 67. True or False: The AP projection of the sacrum and coccyx can be taken as one single projection to decrease gonadal dose. | back 67 False |
front 68 68. Patients should be asked to empty the urinary bladder before performing which projection fo the vertebral column? | back 68 AP of sacrum and coccyx |
front 69 69. In addition to good collimation, what should be done to minimize overall "fogging" on a lateral lumbar spine or lateral sacrum and coccyx radiograph | back 69 Place led blocker table top behind patient |
front 70 70. Which SI joint is visualized with an RPO position | back 70 Left |
front 71 71. How much rotation of the body is required for oblique position of SI joints | back 71 25 to 30 degrees |
front 72 72. What type of CR angle is recommended of the AP axial projection of the SI joints on a female patient | back 72 35 cephalad |
front 73 73. Where is the CR centered for an oblique projection of the SI joints. | back 73 1 inch medial from upside ASIS joint |
front 74 74. A radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the spinous processes are not midline to the vertebral column and distortion of the vertebral bodies is present. Which positioning error is present on this radiograph | back 74 rotation of the spine |
front 75 75. A radiograph of an LPO projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the downside pedicles and zygapophyseal joints are projected over the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies. Which positioning error is present on this radiograph | back 75 Insufficient rotation of the spine |
front 76 76. A radiograph of a lateral projection of a female lumbar spine reveals that the mid- to lower intervertebral joint spaces are not open. The technologist supported the midsection of the spine with sponges to straighten the spine. What else can be done to open the joint spaces during the repeat exposure? | back 76 If the patient has a wide pelvis, CR can be angled 5 to 8 degrees caudad |
front 77 77. A radiograph of a lateral L5-S1 projection reveals that the joint space is not open. The technologist did support the middle aspect of the spine with a sponge. What else can the technologist do to open up the joint space during the repeated exposure? | back 77 Place additional support beneath the spine, or use a 5 to 8 degree caudad angle |
front 78 78. A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the distal tip is superimposed over the symphysis pubis. What must the technologist do to eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure | back 78 Increase CR angle is required to separate the coccyx from the symphysis pubis. |
front 79 79 . A radiograph of an oblique position of the lumbar spine reveals that the downside pedicle and zygapophyseal joint are posterior in relation to the vertebral body. what modification of the position must be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image | back 79 Decrease rotation of the body and spine. |
front 80 80. A patient comes to the radiology department for a follow-up study for a comparison fracture of L3. The radiologist requests that the collimated projections be taken of L3. Which specific projections and centering would provide a quality study of L3 and the intervertebral joint spaces. | back 80 AP or PA and collimated lateral projections would provide the best view. The CR should be about 2 inches above iliac crest. |
front 81 81. A patient with injury to the coccyx enters the ER. When attempting the AP projection, the patient complains that it is too uncomfortable to lie on his back. He is unable to stand. What other options are available to complete the study? | back 81 Perform PA rather than an AP projection and reverse the direction of the CR from caudad to cephalad. |
front 82 82. A patient with a clinical history of spondylolisthesis at the L5-S1 level comes to the radiology department. Which specific lumbar spine position is most diagnostic in demonstrating the extent of this condition? | back 82 A lateral postion would demonstrate the degree of forward displacement. |
front 83 83. A positioning series for SI joints is performed on a patient. The resultant radiographs do not demonstrate the inferior portion of the joints. What can be done during the repeat exposure to demonstrate this aspect of the SI joints | back 83 The CR should be angled 15 to 20 cephalad. |
front 84 84. A patient comes into the radiology department for a lumbar spine series. He has a clinical history of advanced spondylolysis. Which specific projection of the lumbar spine series will best demonstrate this condition | back 84 Although AP and lateral projections of the lumbar spine are helpful, posterior or anterior oblique positions best demonstrate advanced signs pf spondylolysis |
front 85 85. A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of HNP, Which of the following imaging modalities provide the most diagnostic study for this condition? | back 85 MRI |
front 86 86. A patient comes to the radiology department for a lumbar spine series. She has a clinical history of severe kyphosis. How should the lumbar spine series be modified for this patient? | back 86 Routine lumbar spine projections should be performed erect. |