front 1 1. How many bones make up the cervical spine? | back 1 7 |
front 2 2. How many bones make up the thoracic spine? | back 2 12 |
front 3 3. How many bones make up the lumbar spine? | back 3 5 |
front 4 4. How many bones make up the sacrum? | back 4 1 |
front 5 5. How many bones make up the coccyx? | back 5 1 |
front 6 6. What is the total number of bones in the adult vertebral column? | back 6 26 |
front 7 7. List the two primary or posterior convex curves seen in the vertebral column? | back 7 Thoracic and Sacral |
front 8 8. Indicate which two portions of the vertebral column are classified as secondary or compensatory curves? | back 8 Cervical and Lumbar |
front 9 9. Convex curve (with respect to posterior) is associated with what aspect(s) of the vertebral column? | back 9 Thoracic spine and Sacrum |
front 10 10. Concave curve ( with respect to posterior) is associated with what aspect(s) of the vertebral column? | back 10 Cervical spine and Lumbar spine |
front 11 11. Secondary curve is associated with what aspect of the vertebral column? | back 11 Cervical spine and Lumbar spine |
front 12 12. Primary curve is associated with what aspect of the vertebral column? | back 12 Thoracic spine and Sacrum |
front 13 13. What aspect of the vertebral column develops as a child learns to hold head erect? | back 13 Cervical Spine |
front 14 14. An abnormal, or exaggerated "sway back" lumbar curvature is called? | back 14 lordosis |
front 15 15. An abnormal lateral curvature seen in the thoracolumbar spine is called? | back 15 scoliosis |
front 16 16. The two main parts of a typical vertebra are? | back 16 Body and vertebral arch |
front 17 17. The _________ are two bony aspects of the vertebral arch that extend posteriorly from each pedicle to join at the midline. | back 17 Lamina |
front 18 18.The ______ foramina are created by two small notches on the superior and inferior aspects of the pedicles | back 18 Intervertebral |
front 19 19. The opening, or passageway, for the spinal cord is the? | back 19 vertebral canal |
front 20 20. The spinal cord begins with the _______ of the brain and extends down to the __________ vertebra, where is tapers and ends. This tapered ending is called the _________? | back 20 Medulla oblongata Lower border L1 Conus medullaris |
front 21 21. Which structures pass through the intervertebral foramina? | back 21 Spinal nerves & blood vessels |
front 22 22. What is found between the superior and inferior articular processes? | back 22 Zygapophyseal joints |
front 23 23. True or False: Only T1, T11, and T12 have full facets for articulation with ribs. | back 23 True |
front 24 24. True or False: The zygapophyseal joints of all cervical vertebrae are visualized only in a true lateral position? | back 24 False |
front 25 25. Outer and inner aspects of the intervertebral disk | back 25 Annulus fibrous and inner aspect nucleus pulposus |
front 26 26. The condition involving a "slipped disk" is correctly referred to as? | back 26 herniated nucleus pulposus |
front 27 27. Alternate name for C1 | back 27 atlast |
front 28 28. Alternate name for C2 | back 28 Axis |
front 29 29. Alternate name for C7 | back 29 Vertebra prominence |
front 30 30. Three features that make the cervical vertebrae unique | back 30 1. Transverse foramina 2. Bifid spinous process 3. Overlapping vertebral bodies |
front 31 31. A short column of bone found between the superior and articular processes in a typical cervical vertebra is called | back 31 Articular pillar |
front 32 32. What is the term for the Articular pillar for the C1 vertebra? | back 32 Lateral mass |
front 33 33. The zygapophyseal joints for the second through seventh cervical vertebrae are a _____ degree angle to the midsagittal plane; the thoracic vertebrae are at _______ degree to the midsagittal plane? | back 33 90 70-75 |
front 34 34. What is the name of the joint found between the superior articular processes of C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull? | back 34 occipitoaltantal articulation |
front 35 35. The modified body of C2 is called the ________ or __________? | back 35 Dens or Odontoid process |
front 36 36. A lack of symmetry of the zygapophyseal joints between C1 and C2 may be caused by injury or may be associated with | back 36 rotation of the skull |
front 37 37. What is the unique feature of all thoracic vertebrae that distinguishes them from other vertebrae | back 37 Presence of the facets for articulation with ribs |
front 38 38. The upper portion of the sternum | back 38 Manubrium |
front 39 39. Superior margin of the manubrium | back 39 jugular notch |
front 40 40. Center portion of the sternum | back 40 body |
front 41 41. Most inferior aspect of the sternum | back 41 xiphoid process |
front 42 42. Gonion is at what vertebral level | back 42 C3 |
front 43 43. Xiphoid process is at what vertebral level | back 43 T9-T10 |
front 44 44. Thyroid cartilage is at what vertebral level | back 44 C4-C6 |
front 45 45. Jugular notch is at what vertebral level | back 45 T2-T3 |
front 46 46. Sternal angle is at what vertebral level | back 46 T4-T5 |
front 47 47. Mastoid tip is at what vertebral level | back 47 C1 |
front 48 48. Vertebra prominens is at what vertebral level | back 48 C7-T1 |
front 49 49. 30 to 4 inches below jugular notch is at what vertebral level | back 49 T7 |
front 50 50. In addition to the gonads, which other radiosensitive organs are of greatest concern during cervical and thoracic spine radiography | back 50 Thyroid, parathyroid glands and breasts |
front 51 51. Two advantages of using higher kV exposure factors for spine radiography, especially on an AP thoracic spine radiograph. | back 51 Increase in exposure latitude Decrease in patient does. |
front 52 52. True or False: When using digital imaging for spine radiography, it is important to use close collimation, grids, and lead masking. | back 52 True |
front 53 53. True or False: If close collimation is used during conventional radiography of the spine, the use of lead masking is generally not required. | back 53 False |
front 54 54. True or False: To a certain degree, MRI and CT are replacing myelography as the imaging modalities of choice for the diagnosis of a ruptured inverted disk. | back 54 True |
front 55 55. Nuclear medicine is often performed to diagnose bone tumors of the spine. | back 55 True |
front 56 56. To ensure the intervertebral joint spaces are open for lateral thoracic spine projection, it is important to | back 56 Keep the vertebral column parallel to the IR |
front 57 57. For lateral and oblique projections of the cervical spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail by | back 57 Using a small focal spot and increasing source image receptor distance |
front 58 58. Fracture through the pedicles and anterior arch of C2 with forward displacement upon C3 | back 58 Hangman's fracture |
front 59 59. Inflammation of the vertebrae | back 59 Spondylititis |
front 60 60. Abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic spine | back 60 Kyphosis |
front 61 61. Comminuted fracture of the vertebral body with posterior fragments displaced into the spinal canal | back 61 Teardrop burst fracture |
front 62 62. Avulsion fracture of the spinous process at C7 | back 62 Clay shoveler's fracture |
front 63 63. Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine | back 63 Scoliosis |
front 64 64. A form of rheumatoid arthritis | back 64 Ankylosing spondylitis |
front 65 65. Impact fracture from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch C1 | back 65 Jefferson fracture |
front 66 66. Mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence | back 66 Scheuermann disease |
front 67 67. Produces the "bow tie" sign | back 67 Unilateral subluxation |
front 68 68. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for Scoliosis | back 68 Erect (AP/PA) & lateral spine including bending laterals |
front 69 69. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for Teardrop burst fracture | back 69 lateral cervical |
front 70 70. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for Jefferson fracture | back 70 AP, Open mouth C1, C2 Tomography for lateral |
front 71 71. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for Scheuermann disease? | back 71 Scoliosis series |
front 72 72. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for unilateral subluxation of cervical spine | back 72 lateral cervical spine |
front 73 73. Conventional radiographic examination and or projections for HNP | back 73 Lateral of affected side |
front 74 74. What are major differences between spondylosis and spondylitis | back 74 Spondylitis is an inflammatory process of vertebrae and spondylosis is a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of vertebral joint. |
front 75 75. True or False: Many geriatric patients have a fear of following off the radiography table. | back 75 True |
front 76 76. What is the name of the radiographic procedure that requires the injection of contrast media into the subarachnoid space. | back 76 Myelography |
front 77 77. This fracture is, which results from hyperflexion of the neck, results in avulsion fractures on the spinous process of C6-T1. This fracture is best demonstrated on a lateral cervical spine radiograph. | back 77 Clay shoveler's fracture |
front 78 78. Frequently associated with osteoporosis, a compression fracture often involves collapse of a vertebral body, which results from flexion or axial loading most often in the thoracic or lumbar regions. It also can result from severe kyphosis caused by other diseases. The anterior edge collapses, changing the shape of the vertebral body into a wedge instead of a block. This increases kyphosis and may compromise respiratory and cardiac function; it also frequently results in injury to the spinal cord. Theses fractures are best demonstrated on a lateral projection of the affected region of the spine. | back 78 Compression fractures |
front 79 79. This fracture extends through the pedicles of C2, with or without subluxation of C2 on C3. This cervical fracture occurs when the neck is subjected to extreme hyperextension. The patient, if alive is not stable because the inact dens is pressed posteriorly against the brainstem. A lateral projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the anterior displacement of C2. | back 79 Hangman's fracture |
front 80 80. This comminuted fracture occurs as a result of axial loading, such as that produced by landing on one's head or abruptly on one's feet. The anterior and posterior arches of C1 are fractured as the skull slams onto the ring. The AP open mouth projection and lateral cervical spine projections will demonstrate this fracture. | back 80 Jefferson fracture |
front 81 81. This fracture involves the dens and can extend into the lateral masses or arches of C1. An AP open mouth projection will demonstrate any disruption of the arches of C1. | back 81 Odontoid fracture |
front 82 82. The mechanism of injury is compression with hyperextension in the cervical region. The vertebral body is comminuted, with triangular fragments avulsed from the anteroinferior border and fragments from the posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal. Neurological damage (usually quadriplegia) is a high probability. Based on the extent of the fracture and possible spinal cord involvement, CT scanning usually is indicated once a baseline lateral and AP projections of the cervical spine have been taken. | back 82 Teardrop burst fracture |
front 83 83. Zygapophyseal joints in the cervical region can be disrupted during trauma. If the patients injury involves flexion, distraction, and rotation, only one zygapophyseal joint may be out of alignment. Radiographically, the vertebral body will be rotated on its axis, creating a bowtie artifact on the lateral cervical spine image. If the patient's injury involves extreme flexion and distraction, both right and left zygapophyseal joints on the same level can be disrupted, creating bilateral locked facets. Radiographically, the vertebral body will appear to have jumped over the vertebral body immediately inferior to it. In either case, the spine is not stable because the spinal cord is distressed by this manipulation. Following the AP and lateral projections of the cervical spine, CT scanning of the spine generally is indicated. | back 83 Facets- unilateral subluxation and bilateral locks |
front 84 84. If the soft inner part (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk protrudes through the fibrous cartilage outer layer (annulus) into the spinal canal, it may press on the spinal cord or spinal nerves, causing severe pain and possible numbness that radiate into the extremities. This condition sometimes is called slipped disk. This is well demonstrated by MRI of the cervical spine region. This condition can affect cervical spine however, it more frequently involves levels L4 through L5. | back 84 Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) |
front 85 85. An abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic spine that results in stooped posture and reduced height. May be caused by compression fractures of the anterior edges of the vertebral bodies in osteoporotic patients, particularly postmenopausal women. It also may be caused by poor posture, ricketts, or other diseases involving the spine. A lateral projection of the spine will best demonstrates this fracture. | back 85 Kyphosis |
front 86 86. Although many individuals normally have some slight lateral curvature of the thoracic spine, an abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine. It is most common in children between the ages of 10 and 14 years and is more common in girls. It may require the use of a back brace for a time, until the condition of vertebral stability improves. This deformity, if severe enough, may complicate cardiac and respiratory function. The effect may be more obvious if it occurs in the lower vertebral column, where it may create tilting of the pelvis with a resultant effect on the lower ribs, producing a limp, or uneven walk. | back 86 Scoliosis |
front 87 87. This type of arthritis is characterized by degeneration of one or many joints. In the spine, changes may include bony sclerosis, degeneration of cartilage, and formation of osteophytes. | back 87 Osteoarthritis |
front 88 88. This condition is characterized by loss of bone mass. Bone loss increases with age, immobilization, long-term steroid therapy, and menopause. The condition predisposes individuals to vertebral and hip fractures. Bone densitometry has become the gold standard for measuring the degree. | back 88 Osteoporosis |
front 89 89. A relatively common disease of unknown origin that generally begins during adolescence. It results in the abnormal spinal curvature of kyphosis and scoliosis. It is more common in boys than girls. Most cases are mild and continue for several years, after which symptoms disappear but some spinal curvature remains. | back 89 Scheuermann's Disease |
front 90 90. Inflammation of the vertebrae | back 90 Spondylitis |
front 91 91. The systemic illness of unknown origin involves the spine and larger joints. It predominantly affects men from 20 to 40 and results in pain and stiffness that results from inflammation of the sacroiliac, intervertebral, and costovertebral joints, as well as paraspinal calcification, with ossification. It may cause complete rigidity of the spine and thorax, which usually is seen first in the sacroiliac joints. | back 91 Ankylosing spondylities |
front 92 92. The characteristics of this condition is neck stiffness due to age-related degeneration of intervertebral disks. The condition can contribute to arthritic changes that may affect the zygapophyseal joints and intervertebral foramen. | back 92 Spondylosis |
front 93 93. An incidental finding that occurs when the vertebra takes on a characteristic of the adjacent region of the spine. A transitional vertebra occurs most often in the lumbosacral region in which the vertebrae possess enlarged transverse processes. Another example involves the cervical and lumbar ribs. A cervical rib is a rudimentary rib that projects laterally from C7 but does not reach the sternum. A lumbar rib occurs as an outgrowth of bone extending from the transverse processes of L1. | back 93 Transitional vertebra |
front 94 94. Which imaging modality is ideal for detecting early signs of osteomyelitis? | back 94 Nuclear medicine |
front 95 95. Which two landmarks must be aligned for an AP open mouth projection? | back 95 Lower margin of the upper incisors and base of the skull |
front 96 96. True or False: The tip of the odontoid process does not have to be demonstrated on the AP "open mouth" projection because it is best seen on the lateral projection. | back 96 False |
front 97 97. What is the purpose of the 15 to 20 degree angle for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine? | back 97 To open up the intervertebral disk spaces. |
front 98 98. For an AP axial of the cervical spine, a plane through the tip of the mandible and the ________ should be parallel to the angled CR. | back 98 Base of the skull |
front 99 99. True or False: Less CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine if the examination is performed supine rather than erect. | back 99 True |
front 100 100. What are two important benefits of an SID longer than 40 to 44 inches for the lateral cervical spine? | back 100 compensates for Increased OID and less divergence of x-ray beam to reduce shoulder superimposition of C7 |
front 101 101. What CR angulation must be used with a posterior oblique projection of the cervical spine? | back 101 15 Degree Cephalad |
front 102 102. Which foramina are demonstrated with a left posterior oblique position of the cervical spine? | back 102 Right intervertebral foramina (upside) |
front 103 103. Which foramina are demonstrated with a left anterior position of the cervical spine? | back 103 Left intervertebral foramina (downside) |
front 104 104. In addition to extending the chin, which additional positioning technique can be performed to ensure that the mandible is not superimposed over the upper vertebrae for oblique projections? | back 104 Rotate the skull into a near lateral position |
front 105 105. What is the recommended SID for a lateral projection of the cervical spine? | back 105 72 inches or 60 |
front 106 106. The lateral projection of the cervical spine should be taken during expiration why? | back 106 for maximum shoulder depression |
front 107 107. Which specific projection must be taken first if trauma to the cervical spine is suspected and the patient is in a supine position on a backboard? | back 107 Lateral, horizontal beam projection |
front 108 108. The proper name of the method for performing the cervicothoracic lateral swimmers position is the? | back 108 Twinning method |
front 109 109. Where should the CR be placed for a cervicothoracic lateral swimmers position? | back 109 To T1. 1 inch above the jugular notch anteriorly or level of vertebral prominence posteriorly. |
front 110 110. What region of the spine must be demonstrated with a cervicothoracic lateral swimmers position? | back 110 C2 to T3 |
front 111 111. Which projections is considered a functional study of the cervical spine? | back 111 Hyperextension and hyperflexion lateral position |
front 112 112. When should the judds or fuchs method be performed? | back 112 If unable to demonstrate the upper portion of the dens. |
front 113 113. Which AP projection of the cervical spine demonstrates the entire upper cervical spine with one single projection? | back 113 AP wagging jaw ottonello method |
front 114 114. Which two things can be done to produce equal density along the entire thoracic spine for the AP projection? | back 114 Correct use of anode heel effect, use of compensating filters |
front 115 115. What is the purpose of using an orthostatic (breathing) technique for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? | back 115 To blurr out rib and lung markings that obscure detail of the thoracic vertebrae. |
front 116 116. Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated in a right anterior oblique projection of the thoracic spine? | back 116 RIght (downside) |
front 117 117. Which projection delivers the greatest skin dose to the patient? | back 117 Cervicothoracic lateral position |
front 118 118. Which structure is best demonstrated with an AP axial vertebral arch projection of the cervical spine? | back 118 Articular pillars of cervical spine |
front 119 119. What central ray angle must be used with the AP axial - vertebral arch projection? | back 119 20 degrees to 30 degrees caudad |
front 120 120. What ancillary device should be placed behind the patient on the tabletop for a recumbent lateral projection of the thoracic spine? | back 120 lead mat or masking |
front 121 121. Which skull positioning line is aligned for perpendicular to the IR for a PA (judd) projection for the odontoid process? | back 121 Mentomeatal line (MML) |
front 122 122. Which zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated with an LPO position of the thoracic spine | back 122 Right |
front 123 123. How much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the thoracic spine from a true lateral position? | back 123 20 degrees from lateral position |
front 124 124. A radiograph of an AP open mouth projection of the cervical spine reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper odontoid process. What positioning error is present in the radiograph | back 124 excessive rotation of the skull |
front 125 125. A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the cervical spine reveals that the intervertebral disk spaces are not open. The following positioning factors were used. Extension of the skull, central ray angles 10 degrees cephalad, central ray centered to the thyroid cartilage, and no rotation or tilt of the spine. Which factor must be modified to produce a more diagnostic image? | back 125 Increase CR angulation to 15 degrees cephalad |
front 126 126. A radiograph of a RPO cervical spine projection reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are NOT open. The upper intervertebral foramina are well visualized. What positioning error most likely led to this radiographic outcome. | back 126 When the lower intervertebral foramina are narrowed while the upper foramina are well demonstrated, often over rotation of the upper body occured. |
front 127 127. A radiograph on a lateral projection of the cervical spine reveals that C7 is not clearly demonstrated. The following factors were used: erect position, 44 inch SID, arms down by the patients side, and exposure made during inspiration. Which of these factors should be changed to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure? | back 127 Initiate exposure during suspended expiration and increase SID to 72 inches |
front 128 128. A radiograph of an AP wagging jaw projection was taken at 75 kV, and 20 mAs, and 0.5 seconds demonstrates that part of the image of the mandible is still visible and obscuring the upper cervical spine. Which modification needs to be made to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure | back 128 Reduce mAs and increase exposure time to produce more blurring of the mandible |
front 129 129. A radiograph of an AP projection of the thoracic spine reveals that lung markings and ribs make it difficult to visualize the vertebral bodies. The following factors were used: recumbent position, 40 inch SID, short exposure time, and exposure made during full expiration. Which one of these factors must be modified to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeate exposure? | back 129 Use of an orthostatic (breathing) technique to blurr lung markings and ribs more effectively. |
front 130 130. A radiograph of an AP projection of the thoracic spine reveals that the upper thoracic spine is greatly overexposed but the lower vertebrae are well visualized. The head of the patient was placed at the anode end of the table. What can be modified during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image? | back 130 Use a compensating filter with thicker part of filter placed over the upper thoracic spine to equalize the density along the T-spine. |
front 131 131. A radiograph of cervicothoracic lateral position demonstrates superimpositions of the humeral head over the upper thoracic spine. Because of an arthritic condition, that patient is unable to rotate the shoulders any further apart. What can the technologist do to further separate the shoulders during the repeat exposure? | back 131 Angle CR 3 to 5 degrees caudad. |
front 132 132. A patient with a possible cervical spine injury enters the emergency room. The patient is on a backboard. Which projection of the cervical spine should be taken first | back 132 Horizontal beam lateral projection |
front 133 133. A patient comes to the radiology department for a cervical spine series. An AP open mouth projection indicates that the base of the skull and lower edge of the front incisors are superimposed, but the top of the dens is not clearly demonstrated. what should the technologist do to demonstrate the upper portion of the dens? (A horizontal beam lateral projection has ruled out a c-spine fracture or subluxation) | back 133 Perform either a AP Fuchs or PA Judd method. |
front 134 134. A patient comes to the radiology department for a routine cervical spine series. The lateral projection demonstrates only the C1 to C6 region. The radiologist wants to see C7- T1. What additional projection can be taken to demonstrate this region of the spine? | back 134 cervicothoracic swimmers lateral |
front 135 135. A patient enters the ER with a possible cervical spine fracture, but the initial projections do not demonstrate any gross fractures or subluxation. After reviewing the initial radiographs, the ER physician suspects either a congenital defect or fracture of the articular pillars of C4. He wants an additional projection taken to better see this aspect of the vertebrae. What additional projection can be taken to demonstrate the articular pillars of C4? | back 135 AP axial - vertebral arch (pillar) projection |
front 136 136. A patient comes to the ER with a possible Jefferson fracture. Other than a lateral projection or a CT scan, what specific radiographic projection will best demonstrate this type of fracture? | back 136 AP openmouth projection (carefully) |
front 137 137. A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of Scheuermann disease. Which radiographic procedure is often performed for this condition? | back 137 Scoliosis series |