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Chapter 16: Endocrine System (Mastering)

front 1

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

plasma membrane receptors

phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm

cAMP in the cytoplasm

adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane

water-soluble hormone in the blood

back 1

cAMP in the cytoplasm

front 2

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

adenylate cyclase

cAMP

cytoplasmic receptors

protein kinases

plasma membrane receptors

back 2

plasma membrane receptors

front 3

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? Select the best answer.

Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells.

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells.

Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells.

back 3

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

front 4

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer.

Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation.

Phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

Activate adenylate cyclase.

Phosphorylate proteins.

Degrade cAMP to AMP.

back 4

Phosphorylate proteins.

front 5

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

AMP

protein kinase

phosphodiesterase

adenylate cyclase

G proteins

back 5

phosphodiesterase

front 6

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

epinephrine

cortisol

insulin

back 6

cortisol

front 7

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

increasing protein kinases

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

back 7

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

front 8

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

phosphorylates a protein activates a protein kinase

directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

back 8

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

front 9

Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

thyroid hormone

insulin

cortisol

back 9

thyroid hormone

front 10

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

transcription factors

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

Receptors can’t enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.

back 10

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

front 11

Art-based Question

Both high blood glucose levels and low blood glucose levels are stimuli that trigger specific responses by the body. These responses cause blood glucose levels to return to their set point. In this activity, you will explore how this happens.

To review how the body regulates blood sugar levels, watch this BioFlix animation: Homeostasis: Regulating Blood Sugar.

Part A - Regulating blood sugar. This diagram shows how the body keeps blood glucose at a normal level.Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram.

back 11

A: Pancreas releases insulin

B: Body cells takes up more glucose

C: Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

D: Blood glucose decreases to normal

E: Pancreas releases glucagon

F: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood

G: Blood glucose returns to normal

front 12

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

True

False

back 12

False

front 13

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism

antagonism

summation

permissiveness

back 13

synergism

front 14

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

apoptosis of parathyroid cells

failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells

All of the listed responses are correct.

back 14

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 15

Art-based Question

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

oxytocin

cortisol

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

back 15

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

front 16

Art-based Question

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

A

B

C

D

back 16

C

front 17

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?

somatotropins

growth hormones

somatostatins

tropins

back 17

tropins

front 18

Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone?

thyroid-stimulating hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

prolactin

follicle-stimulating hormone

back 18

thyroid-stimulating hormone

front 19

Which hormone aids in water resorption?

thyroid hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

parathyroid hormone

antidiuretic hormone

back 19

antidiuretic hormone

front 20

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

growth hormone (GH)

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

back 20

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

front 21

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

control secretion of thyroid hormones

control secretion of oxytocin

back 21

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

front 22

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

oxytocin

thyroid hormones

prolactin (PRL)

back 22

GH (growth hormone)

front 23

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine (“letdown”) reflex?

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

cortisol

back 23

oxytocin

front 24

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

hypothalamus

kidney

back 24

hypothalamus

front 25

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

a circadian rhythm of release

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

negative feedback

back 25

negative feedback

front 26

Art-based Question

What type of cell is shown at letter C?

follicular cells

parafollicular cells

beta cells

parathyroid cells

back 26

follicular cells

front 27

Art-based Question

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

glucocorticoids

thyroid hormones

back 27

calcitonin

front 28

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?

pituitary

adrenal

thyroid

parathyroid

back 28

parathyroid

front 29

Art-based Question

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

angiotensin II

back 29

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

front 30

Art-based Question

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?

A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.

The body becomes parasympathetically activated.

An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart.

Blood potassium levels fall.

back 30

A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.

front 31

Art-based Question

Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine?

A

B

C

D

back 31

D

front 32

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces?

zona reticularis: aldosterone

medulla: glucocorticoids

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

zona fasciculata: catecholemines

back 32

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

front 33

Art-based Question

Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin?

Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.

Insulin encourages release of glucose into the blood by liver cells.

Insulin encourages synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules.

Insulin encourages catabolism of glycogen into glucose.

back 33

Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.

front 34

Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged?

hypothalamus

cerebellum

cerebrum

pons

back 34

hypothalamus