front 1 The intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine are located at an angle of _____ in relation to the midsagittal plane. | back 1 90 |
front 2 The small section of bone found between the superior and inferior articular processes of the lumbar spine is termed: | back 2 pars interarticularis. |
front 3 The zygapophyseal joints of the upper lumbar vertebrae are ____ in relationship to the midsagittal plane. | back 3 50 |
front 4 The anterior projecting bony process of the sacrum that forms part of the inlet of the true pelvis is the: | back 4 promontory of the sacrum. |
front 5 Another term for the sacral horns is the: | back 5 cornu of the sacrum. |
front 6 Which specific aspect of the sacrum articulates with the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint? | back 6 Auricular surface |
front 7 Which one of the following structures of the sacrum is considered to be the most posterior? | back 7 Median sacral crest |
front 8 What is the term for the superior aspect of the coccyx? | back 8 Base |
front 9 The long axis of the sacrum is generally angled more posteriorly in males than females. | back 9 False |
front 10 What is the joint classification of the zygapophyseal joints? | back 10 Fibrous/synarthrodial |
front 11 The intervertebral joints in the lumbar spine are classified as | back 11 cartilaginous/amphiarthrodial. |
front 12 What type of joint movement occurs with the zygapophyseal joints? | back 12 Plane |
front 13 Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds with the L4-5 vertebral level? | back 13 Iliac crest |
front 14 Which of the following structures is located at the level of the ASIS? | back 14 S1-2 |
front 15 A female is more likely to suffer a fracture of the coccyx due to a backward, sitting type of fall than a male. | back 15 True |
front 16 The Scottie dog sign is demonstrated with oblique projections of the thoracic and lumbar spine. | back 16 False |
front 17 The anterior oblique (RAO and LAO) positions of the lumbar spine will demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints closest to the image receptor. | back 17 False |
front 18 The average degree of rotation required to demonstrate the L3-4 zygapophyseal joints is: | back 18 45. |
front 19 Why should the hips and knees be flexed for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine? | back 19 For patient comfort and To reduce the lumbar curvature (both A and B) |
front 20 Which of the following should be done to reduce scatter radiation from reaching the image receptor for the lateral lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx projections? | back 20 Place a lead mat on the tabletop behind the patient. |
front 21 Where is the central ray (CR) centered for an AP projection of the lumbar spine with a 14 17-inch (35 43-cm) IR? | back 21 At the iliac crest |
front 22 An average of ____ segment(s) make up the adult coccyx. | back 22 4 |
front 23 If the waist is supported properly, an average-size patient does not require any CR angulation for the lateral lumbar spine projection. | back 23 True |
front 24 If the patient has scoliosis, the convexity of the spine should be down toward the image receptor for the lateral spine projection. | back 24 True |
front 25 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the lateral L5-S1 projection? | back 25 A 14 17-inch (35 43-cm) IR should be used. |
front 26 What CR angulation should be used for an AP axial projection of the L5-S1 joint space on a male patient? | back 26 30 cephalad |
front 27 Carefully placed gonadal shielding must always be used on female patients for the AP lumbar spine projection. | back 27 False |
front 28 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is superior to CT (computed tomography) for evaluation of spinal cord and intervertebral disks. | back 28 True |
front 29 Bone densitometry produces very little skin dose to the patient. | back 29 True |
front 30 Conventional radiography does not detect bone loss from conditions such as osteoporosis until bone mass has been reduced at least 30%. | back 30 True |
front 31 The AP and lateral projections for a pediatric scoliosis study should include the entire lumbar and thoracic spine. | back 31 True |
front 32 The second projection for the Ferguson method of the scoliosis series requires that the concave side of the curve be built up 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) by placing blocks beneath the patient’s foot. | back 32 False |
front 33 A key advantage of a posteroanterior (PA) projection taken during a pediatric scoliosis study as compared with the AP projection is that it reduces: | back 33 breast and thyroid dose by 90%. |
front 34 Where is the CR centered for an AP axial projection of the sacrum? | back 34 2 inches (5 cm) above the symphysis pubis |
front 35 What type of CR angulation is required for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? | back 35 10 caudad |
front 36 The radiographic appearance on an oblique lumbar spine in which the neck of the Scottie dog appears broken suggests the presence of: | back 36 spondylolysis. |
front 37 A destructive type of lesion with irregular margins and increased density is an indication of possible: | back 37 osteoblastic type of metastases. |
front 38 A fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements caused by lap seat belts during an auto accident involvingsudden deceleration is a ____ fracture. | back 38 Chance |
front 39 Which of the following is a condition of unknown cause in which calcification of bony ridges between vertebrae occurs, creating a lack of mobility with a “bamboo” appearance? | back 39 Ankylosing spondylitis |
front 40 An anterior wedging of vertebrae with a loss of body height but rarely causing neurologic symptoms is called: | back 40 a compression fracture. |
front 41 Sciatic type of pain resulting from a “slipped disk” indicates: | back 41 herniated nucleus pulposus |
front 42 An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is a congenital condition termed: | back 42 scoliosis. |
front 43 What CR angle should be used for a lateral sacrum/coccyx projection? | back 43 None. CR is perpendicular to the image receptor. |
front 44 A radiograph of a lateral projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the mid- to lower-intervertebral joint spaces are not open. The patient’s waist was supported. Which of the following modifications will help open these joint spaces during the repeat exposure? | back 44 Increase waist support and/or angle CR 5 to 8 caudal. |
front 45 A radiograph of an AP axial sacrum reveals that it is foreshortened and the sacral foramina are not clearly seen. The patient was in an AP supine position, and the technologist angled the CR 10° cephalad. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? | back 45 Insufficient CR angulation |
front 46 A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the symphysis pubis is superimposed over the distal end of the coccyx. Which of the following modifications will correct this problem during the repeat exposure? | back 46 Increase the CR angulation. |
front 47 A radiograph of an AP axial L5-S1 projection reveals that the joint space is not open. The following factors were used on this female patient: 80 kV, 40-inch (102 cm) SID, grid, 35 caudad angle, and CR centered to the ASIS. Which of the following factors needs to be modified to produce a more diagnostic image? | back 47 Change the direction of the CR angulation. |
front 48 A radiograph of an AP projection of the lumbar spine on an average-size patient reveals that the psoas major muscles and transverse processes are not visible. The following analog factors were used for this projection: automatic exposure control (AEC) with center ionization chamber, 95 kV, 40-inch (102-cm) SID, grid, and 14 17-inch (35 43-cm) image receptor. Which of the following modifications will be most effective in demonstrating these structures? | back 48 Decrease the kV. |
front 49 A patient comes to radiology for a study of the lumbar spine. The initial radiographs demonstrate potential pathology involving the L5-S1 zygapophyseal joint. Which of the following positions and/or projections would best demonstrate this joint space? | back 49 Right and left 30 oblique projections |
front 50 A patient comes to radiology for a study of the lumbar spine. He has a clinical history of spondylolisthesis of L5. Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the severity of this condition? | back 50 Lateral L5-S1 projection |
front 51 A patient comes to radiology for a follow-up study of the lumbar spine. The patient had a spinal fusion performed at the L3-4 level 4 months earlier. Which of the following would best demonstrate the degree of movement at the fusion site? | back 51 Lateral hyperextension and hyperflexion projections |
front 52 A young female patient comes to radiology for a scoliosis study. The patient has had this series performed frequently. How much will the breast dose be decreased if a PA rather than an AP projection is taken? | back 52 90% |
front 53 A patient comes in with a possible compression fracture of L3. Which one of the following positioning routines would best demonstrate the body of L3 and the intervertebral joint spaces above and below it? | back 53 Collimated PA and lateral projections |
front 54 A geriatric patient comes to radiology for a lumbar spine series. She has severe kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine. Which one of the following modifications should be applied to this patient? | back 54 Perform all positions erect. |
front 55 A female patient is brought to the emergency department (ED) because of a MVA (motor vehicle accident). Her chief complaint is pain in the lower lumbar region. The ED physician orders a lumbar series. Upon questioning, the technologist learns that the patient is pregnant. The ED physician is made aware of the pregnancy but still wants the lumbar spine series performed. What canthe technologist do to minimize dose to the fetus and mother? | back 55 Use higher kV than normal, reduce mAs accordingly. b. Use smallest IR possible. c. Collimate as much as feasible. |
front 56 The use of digital radiography is not recommended for studies of the sacrum and coccyx. | back 56 False |
front 57 Which of the following fractures is due to a hyperflexion force injury? | back 57 Chance fx |
front 58 The “nose” of the Scottie dog represents the spinous process of a lumbar vertebra. | back 58 False |
front 59 The pelvis must remain stationary for the AP right and left bending projections of the scoliosis series. | back 59 True |
front 60 For a lateral L5-S1 projection, the CR must be parallel to the: | back 60 interiliac line. |
front 61 AEC (automatic exposure control) should not be used for an L5-S1 lateral or a lateral sacrum and coccyx. | back 61 False |
front 62 How much obliquity of the body is required for posterior oblique positions for the sacroiliac joints? | back 62 25 to 30 |
front 63 The LPO position for sacroiliac joints will best demonstrate the right joint. | back 63 True |
front 64 A radiograph of the left sacroiliac joint demonstrates it open and clearly seen. Which of the following positions was performed? | back 64 RPO |
front 65 Radiographs of oblique projections of the SI joints do not clearly demonstrate the inferior/distal aspect of the joints. What can the technologist do to better demonstrate this region? | back 65 Angle CR 15 to 20 cephalad. |
front 66 Where is the CR centered for posterior oblique projections of the SI joints? | back 66 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS |
front 67 A radiograph of a left posterior oblique (LPO) projection of the lumbar spine reveals that the downside pedicle is projected too far posterior on the vertebral body. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? | back 67 Excessive rotation of the spine |