front 1 Air moves into the lungs because | back 1 The gas pressure in the lungs becomes less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts |
front 2 Alveolar ventilation rate is | back 2 the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time |
front 3 hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where | back 3 pH is more acidic |
front 4 in the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is | back 4 about 104 mmHg |
front 5 tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is equal to | back 5 inspiratory capacity |
front 6 the elastic cartilage that shields the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the | back 6 epiglottis |
front 7 the movement of air into and out of the lungs is called | back 7 pulmonary ventilation |
front 8 type of tissue that lines the trachea | back 8 pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
front 9 which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest | back 9 vital capactiy |
front 10 which respirator structure has the smallest diameter | back 10 alveoli |
front 11 involuntary hyperventilation during anxiety attack may cause the person to become faint due to | back 11 lowering CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels |
front 12 the terms that describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise | back 12 hyperventilation |
front 13 about 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as | back 13 dissolved gas in the plasma |
front 14 which of the following controls respiratory rate | back 14 medula oblongata |
front 15 3 factors influencing external respiration | back 15 partial pressure gradients and gas solubility thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane ventilation- perfusion coupling |
front 16 the loudness of a person's voice depends on | back 16 the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds |
front 17 the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. the function of type II is | back 17 to secrete surfactant |
front 18 intrapulmonary pressure is the | back 18 pressure withing the alveoli of the lungs |
front 19 surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by | back 19 interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
front 20 with the bohr effect, more oxygen is released because | back 20 a decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond |
front 21 the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a health person is | back 21 increase of carbon dioxide |
front 22 Nerve impulses from___will result in inspiration | back 22 the ventral respiratory group |
front 23 another name for the inflation reflex is | back 23 hering-Breuer |
front 24 tidal volume is | back 24 normal breathing |
front 25 the lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the | back 25 vital capacity |
front 26 since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange | back 26 respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta |
front 27 respiratory control centers are located in the | back 27 medulla and pons |
front 28 the amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called | back 28 inspiratory reserve air |
front 29 Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH | back 29 true |
front 30 more of CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs | back 30 false |
front 31 Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation | back 31 true |
front 32 CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood | back 32 true |
front 33 oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by | back 33 diffusion |
front 34 inspiratory capacity is | back 34 the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration IC = TV + IRV |
front 35 total lung capacity is the sum of inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume | back 35 false |
front 36 the functions of the larynx are | back 36 To provide a patent airway to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels to function in voice production |
front 37 Lung compliance is determined by distensibility of the lung tissue, resilience of surrounding thoracic cage and surface tension of the alveoli | back 37 true |
front 38 the volume of air that stays in the respiratory tube that does not reach to alveoli with each breath is | back 38 anatomical dead space |
front 39 transpulmonary pressure - difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip) | back 39 true |
front 40 Which of the following is the most common complication of premature birth | back 40 infant respiratory distress syndrome |
front 41 internal respiration is the gas exchange between pulmonary blood vessels and lung tissues | back 41 false |
front 42 breathing air into and out of the lungs is called | back 42 external breathing |
front 43 which respiratory measurement is normally about 1200ml? | back 43 expiratory reserve volume |
front 44 alveolar type I cells permit exchange of gases by simple diffusion | back 44 true |
front 45 which respiratory measurement is normally the smallest | back 45 tidal volume |
front 46 surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size | back 46 true |
front 47 which of the following statement is incorrect | back 47 none of the above is incorrect |
front 48 the point of tracheal division is called | back 48 carina |
front 49 the elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the | back 49 epiglottis |
front 50 to auscultate to aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the | back 50 second intercostal space to the left of the sternum |
front 51 surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of the aveolar fluid | back 51 true |
front 52 four processes that helps the respiratory system supply the body with oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide | back 52 Pulmonary ventilation - air moves in and out of lungs external respiration - oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood and CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs transport of respiratory gases- O2 from lungs to tissue cells, CO2 from tissue cells to lungs Internal respiration - O2 from blood to tissue, O2 from tissue cells to blood |
front 53 upper respiratory and lower respiratory | back 53 upper respiratory consist of structures from the nose to the larynx lower respiratory consist of structures from the larynx and all structures below it |
front 54 The nose and paranasal sinuses | back 54 provides airway for respiration moistens and warms entering air filters and cleans inspired air serves as a resonating chamber for speech houses the olfactory receptors |
front 55 The pharynx | back 55 connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus. divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
front 56 nasopharynx | back 56 it serves only as an air passageway. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. pharyngeal tonsil - traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air |
front 57 oropharynx | back 57 swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it. stratified squamous epithelium |
front 58 laryngopharynx | back 58 serves as a passageway for food and air. stratified squamous epithelium |
front 59 respiratory zone | back 59 site of gas exchange |
front 60 conducting zone | back 60 consist of respiratory passageways from nose to respiratory bronchioles |
front 61 The larynx | back 61 provides a patent airway act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels voice productions stratified squamous epithelium |
front 62 arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate catilages, and epiglottis | back 62 pairs of small cartilages. arytenoid anchors the vocal folds. |
front 63 glottis | back 63 medial opening between the vocal folds which air passes through |
front 64 vestibular folds | back 64 helps close the glottis when we swallow |
front 65 The trachea | back 65 descends from larynx through the neck into mediastinum consis of mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia |
front 66 mucosa | back 66 its cilia continually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx |
front 67 submucosa | back 67 contains seromucous glands that helps produce mucus sheets within the trachea |
front 68 adventitia | back 68 encases the hyaline cartilage |
front 69 bronchi and subdivisions | back 69 trachea divides into right main bronchus and left main bronchus. each bronchus divides into lobar bronchi, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. the lobar divides into tertiary bronchi |
front 70 respiratory zone structures | back 70 begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which leads into alveolar ducts, then leads into alveolar sacs |
front 71 respiratory membrane | back 71 formed by the capillary, alveolar walls, and their fused basement membranes |
front 72 Type II aveolar cells | back 72 secretes surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces |
front 73 bronchopulmonary segments | back 73 right lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments. left lung consists of 8-10 segments. Each segment is served by its own artery and vein and receives air from an individual segmental bronchus |
front 74 what does a negative respiratory pressure indicate | back 74 pressure in that region is lower than atmospheric pressure |
front 75 positive respiratory | back 75 pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure and zero respiratory pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure |
front 76 intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) | back 76 pressure in the alveoli rises and falls with phases of breathing always equalizes with atmospheric pressure |
front 77 intrapleural pressure (Pip) | back 77 pressure in the pleural cavity Pip is always negative to intrapulmonary pressure |
front 78 What causes negative intrapleural pressure | back 78 lungs natural tendency to collapse surface tension of the alveolar fluid |
front 79 transpulmonary pressure | back 79 intrapumonary pressure - intrapleural pressure keeps lungs from collapsing the size of transpulmonary pressure determines the size of lungs |
front 80 what will happen if intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure | back 80 the lungs will collapse |
front 81 pulmonary ventilation | back 81 depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity volumes change, pressure changes pressure changes, flow of gases |
front 82 Inspiration | back 82 diaphragm contracts thoracic cavity volume increases lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases intrapulmonary pressure drops air flows into lungs |
front 83 expiration | back 83 intercostal muscles contracts thoracic volume decreases intrapulmonary volume decreaes intrapulmonary pressure rises air flows out of lungs |
front 84 lung compliance | back 84 stretchy healthy lungs. the greater the lung compliance, the easier the lungs will expand. determined by: disensibility of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension |
front 85 tidal volume | back 85 500ml of air moves in and out of lungs with each breath |
front 86 inspiratory reserve volume | back 86 amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100ml-3200ml) |
front 87 expiratory reserve volume | back 87 amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after normal tidal volume expiration (1000ml-1200ml) |
front 88 residual volume | back 88 amount of air that remains int he lungs after expiration (1200ml) |
front 89 inspiratory capacity | back 89 amount of air that can be inspired after normal tidal volume expiration IC = TV + IRV |
front 90 functional residual capacity | back 90 amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration FRC = RV + ERV |
front 91 vital capacity | back 91 total amount of exchangeable air VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
front 92 total lung capacity | back 92 sum of all lung volumes |
front 93 dead space | back 93 some inspired air fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli (150ml) |
front 94 forced vital capacity | back 94 amount of gas expelled when you take a deep breath and forcefully exhale |
front 95 forced expiratory volume | back 95 amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of FVC |
front 96 obstuctive pulmonary disease | back 96 increased airway resistance |
front 97 restrictive pulmonary disease | back 97 reduced total lung capacity |
front 98 alveolar ventilation | back 98 AVR = frequency X (TV -dead space) m |
front 99 minute ventilation | back 99 total amount of gas that flows in or out of the respiratory tract in a minute (6L/min) |
front 100 3 factors influencing external respiration | back 100 partial pressure grandients and gas solubility thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane ventilation- perfusion coupling |
front 101 internal respiration | back 101 involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues tissue cells use O2 for metabolic activities and produce CO2 |