front 1 how do living organism create macromolecules? | back 1 create order locally, but energy transformations generate waste heat, and increase entropy in the universe |
front 2 for living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics? | back 2 organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment |
front 3 when ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. what purpose does this serve in the cell? | back 3 phosphate may be incorporated into many different molecules |
front 4 all the energy to power life comes from the sun, and photosynthetic organisms are the base of the food chain. | back 4 true, because organisms aren’t the only base of the food chain though |
front 5 the molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation reaction… | back 5 loses electrons and loses potential energy |
front 6 cellular respiration can be best described as… | back 6 taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water, and using the energy released to make ATP |
front 7 when a molecule of NAD+ gains one hydrogen atom (a proton and an electron) and an additional electron, the molecule is ________ and becomes NADH. | back 7 reduced |
front 8 what is the seventh reaction of glycolysis? | back 8 substrate-level phosphorylation |
front 9 the energetic electron, taken from glucose or a breakdown product of glucose, is stripped of its energy to… | back 9 actively transport H+ into the intermembrane space |
front 10 ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP by which method? | back 10 facilitated diffusion of H+ |
front 11 in chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+ phosphorylation to ATP? | back 11 energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase |
front 12 where did the carbons found throughout the body of a plant originate? | back 12 air |
front 13 the light reactions, which involve the very hydrophobic chlorophyll, are located where in the chloroplast? | back 13 thylakoid membrane |
front 14 the calvin cycle reactions are located where in the chloroplasts? | back 14 stroma |
front 15 plants photosynthesize only in the light. plants respire… | back 15 both in the light and dark |
front 16 by matching the absorption spectrum of pigments in chloroplasts with the action spectrum of photosynthesis, it is possible to determine… | back 16 which pigments are involved in the light reactions |
front 17 what can happen when a photon of light strikes a pigment, such as chlorophyll a? | back 17 photon is absorbed, and the resulting energy propels an electron in the molecule to an elevated outer electron shell where it has more energy potential |
front 18 which of the following correctly identifies the products of photosystems 1 and 2? | back 18 1: P700 and NADPH 2: O2 and P680+ |
front 19 which of the following sequences correctly represent the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? | back 19 H2O, NADPH, calvin cycle |
front 20 how are light reactions and the calvin cycle connected? | back 20 light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle, and the calvin cycle returns ADP, phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions |
front 21 succulent plants that are able to thrive in the desert have a specialized type of photosynthesis called CAM. these plants have an adaptation for photosynthesis whereby they… | back 21 perform the light reactions of photosynthesis during day light and fix CO2 at night; reduce water loss by keeping their stromata closed during the day |
front 22 which items are provided to you by photosynthesis? | back 22 oxygen in your latest breath starch in the toast paper in textbook |
front 23 what is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? | back 23 catabolic pathways |
front 24 whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the… | back 24 entropy of the universe |
front 25 the mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as… | back 25 feedback inhibition |
front 26 which of the following statements describes NAD+? | back 26 NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle |
front 27 which of the following statements describes NADH? | back 27 NADH is oxidized for NAD+ at the electron transport chain and in the fermentation |
front 28 where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? | back 28 cytosol |
front 29 the ATP made during glycolysis is generated by… | back 29 substrate-level phosphorylation |
front 30 why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? | back 30 they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogens |
front 31 the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to… | back 31 act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water |
front 32 inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? | back 32 citric acid cycle – NADH – electron transport chain – oxygen |
front 33 energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells? | back 33 mitochondrial intermembrane space |
front 34 which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? | back 34 glycolysis and fermentation |
front 35 in chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP? | back 35 energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix |
front 36 which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? | back 36 H2O – NADPH – calvin cycle |
front 37 if photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen, later analysis will show that all but one of the following produced by the algae contain the heavy oxygen label. that is… | back 37 O2 |
front 38 which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle? | back 38 ATP and NADPH |
front 39 in the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? | back 39 harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll |
front 40 when oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of… | back 40 splitting water molecules |
front 41 P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. why? | back 41 this molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons that oxygen, to obtain electrons from water |
front 42 why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? | back 42 it provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions |
front 43 which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? | back 43 enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier |
front 44 why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? | back 44 it does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms |
front 45 which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? | back 45 photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it |
front 46 the oxygen atoms in the H2O broken down during photosynthesis end up in… | back 46 molecular O2 released during photosynthesis |
front 47 during glycolysis, for each mole of glucose oxidized to pyruvate… | back 47 2 moles of ATP are used, and 4 moles of ATP are produced |
front 48 what carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions? | back 48 glucose |
front 49 the biomass (dry weigh) of a tree comes primarily from… | back 49 CO2 |
front 50 in thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space to the stroma. therefore, the catalytic “knobs” of ATP synthase would be located… | back 50 on the outside of the inner membrane facing stroma |
front 51 assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. this damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? | back 51 the synthesis of ATP |
front 52 which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? | back 52 catabolism |
front 53 which of the following are true for anabolic pathways? | back 53 they consume energy to build up polymers from monomers |
front 54 which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? | back 54 energy cannot be created or destroyed |
front 55 living organism increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. how does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics? | back 55 as a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in the environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth |
front 56 Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? | back 56 Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe. |
front 57 Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics? | back 57 Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization |
front 58 what doesn't occur during the calvin cycle? | back 58 release of oxygen |
front 59 Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? | back 59 Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. |
front 60 The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as have the pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find? | back 60 the pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma |
front 61 P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why? | back 61 This molecule results from the transfer of an electron to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II and strongly attracts another electron. |
front 62 Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? | back 62 The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water |
front 63 What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+ | back 63 NADH |
front 64 Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to | back 64 inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
front 65 What is proton-motive force? | back 65 the transmembrane proton concentration gradient |
front 66 What must be the difference (if any) between the structure of ATP and the structure of the precursor of the A nucleotide in DNA and RNA? | back 66 no difference |
front 67 How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? | back 67 Add a catalyst |
front 68 Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in | back 68 breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water. |
front 69 According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct? | back 69 The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzymeʹs active site. |
front 70 The following questions are based on the reaction A + B → C + D Which of the following terms best describes the reaction? | back 70 exergonic |
front 71 When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled? | back 71 change in the folding of enzymes |
front 72 How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction? | back 72 by changing the shape of a reactant |
front 73 When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? | back 73 energy is released, and the more electronegative atom is reduced |
front 74 Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy | back 74 C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced |
front 75 When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes | back 75 oxidized |
front 76 A molecule that is phosphorylated | back 76 has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work |
front 77 Which process is most directly driven by light energy? | back 77 removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules |
front 78 How is photosynthesis similar in C4 and CAM plants? | back 78 In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially |
front 79 In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to | back 79 oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. |
front 80 The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with | back 80 ATP and NADPH |
front 81 If plant gene alterations cause the plants to be deficient in photorespiration, what would most probably occur? | back 81 Less ATP would be generated |
front 82 The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the C4 or CAM systems are said to be compromises. Why? | back 82 Each one both minimizes photorespiration and optimizes the Calvin cycle |
front 83 Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of A) carbon dioxide molecules | back 83 3-phosphoglycerate molecule |
front 84 CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they | back 84 fix CO2 into organic acids during the night |
front 85 Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration | back 85 They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2 |
front 86 Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be | back 86 to test for liberation of O2 in the light. |
front 87 A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? | back 87 blue and violet |
front 88 What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? | back 88 ATP and NADPH |
front 89 Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________. | back 89 exergonic; endergonic |
front 90 Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? | back 90 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O |
front 91 The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? | back 91 accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain |
front 92 Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? | back 92 glycolysis |
front 93 During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is | back 93 retained in the pyruvate |
front 94 Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation? | back 94 1 |
front 95 Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage? | back 95 ATP synthase |
front 96 in the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of | back 96 ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). |
front 97 Assume that the reaction has a △G of -5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would be true? | back 97 The reaction would result in an increase in entropy (S) and a decrease in the total energy content (H) of the system. |
front 98 In order to attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule that will transport it, an enzyme, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, is required, along with ATP. Initially, the enzyme has an active site for ATP and another for the amino acid, but it is not able to attach the tRNA. What must occur in order for the final attachment to occur? | back 98 The binding of the first two molecules must cause a 3-dimensional change that opens another active site on the enzyme. |
front 99 Competitive inhibitors block the entry of substrate into the active site of an enzyme. On which of the following properties of an active site does this primarily depend? | back 99 the ability of an enzyme to form a template for holding and joining molecules |
front 100 Which of the following is likely to lead to an increase in the concentration of ATP in a cell? | back 100 an increase in a cellʹs catabolic activity |
front 101 Which of the following statements describes enzyme cooperativity? | back 101 A substrate molecule bound to an active site affects the active site of several subunits |
front 102 Which of the following is an example of cooperativity? | back 102 a molecule binding at one unit of a tetramer allowing faster binding at each of the other three |
front 103 In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a 6 carbon molecule, which is then split in two. After phosphorylation and reduction, what more needs to happen in the Calvin cycle? | back 103 regeneration of rubsico |
front 104 The sugar that results from three ʺturnsʺ of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this? | back 104 The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements. |
front 105 Requires glucose | back 105 neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle |
front 106 Requires CO2 | back 106 the Calvin cycle alone |
front 107 Produces three-carbon sugars | back 107 the Calvin cycle alone |
front 108 Produces NADPH | back 108 light reactions alone |
front 109 Produces NADH | back 109 neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle |
front 110 Produces molecular oxygen (O2) | back 110 light reactions alone |
front 111 Requires ATP | back 111 the Calvin cycle alone |
front 112 What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? | back 112 synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide |
front 113 Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? | back 113 The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions. |
front 114 Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? | back 114 stroma of the chloroplast |
front 115 Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? | back 115 dehydration |
front 116 The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement | back 116 is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics |
front 117 Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? | back 117 a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecule |
front 118 Which of the following is considered an open system | back 118 an organism |
front 119 Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety? | back 119 Metabolism is a property of organismal life |
front 120 The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is △G =△H-T△S. Which of the following is (are) correct? | back 120 △G is the change in free energy. |
front 121 What is the change in free energy of a system at chemical equilibrium | back 121 no net change |
front 122 Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? | back 122 The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. |
front 123 Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell? | back 123 a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are only used in a metabolic pathway that is completely inactive |
front 124 A chemical reaction that has a positive △G is correctly described as | back 124 endergonic |
front 125 Which of the following best describes enthalpy (H)? | back 125 the heat content of a chemical system |
front 126 Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? | back 126 an RNA nucleotide |
front 127 What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways | back 127 energy coupling |
front 128 Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways? | back 128 They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP. |
front 129 When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated? | back 129 It is lost to the environment |
front 130 Which of the following statements is (are) true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? | back 130 The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. |
front 131 Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following? | back 131 competitive inhibition |
front 132 The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is | back 132 the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
front 133 When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the | back 133 creation of a proton gradient. |
front 134 Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present? | back 134 glycolysis |
front 135 Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? | back 135 It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms |
front 136 Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? | back 136 It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate |
front 137 Cyclic electron flow may be photoprotective (protective to light-induced damage). Which of the following experiments could provide information on this phenomenon? | back 137 using mutated organisms that can grow but that cannot carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their abilities to photosynthesize in different light intensities |
front 138 Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants? | back 138 They dissipate excessive light energy |
front 139 Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? | back 139 Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). |
front 140 In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? | back 140 NADH and pyruvate |
front 141 Starting with one molecule of glucose, the ʺnetʺ products of glycolysis are | back 141 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O |
front 142 How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? | back 142 2 |
front 143 Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? | back 143 It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP. |
front 144 How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion | back 144 active transport |
front 145 Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate? | back 145 oxaloacetate |
front 146 During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location | back 146 mitochondrial matrix |
front 147 How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle | back 147 10 |
front 148 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? | back 148 oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle |
front 149 During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? | back 149 FADH2 |
front 150 Reduction of NADP+ occurs during | back 150 photosynthesis |
front 151 One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to | back 151 oxidize NADH to NAD+. |
front 152 Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? | back 152 ATP and NADPH |
front 153 What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? | back 153 establishment of a proton gradient |
front 154 Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during | back 154 respiration |
front 155 Most CO2 from catabolism is released during | back 155 the citric acid cycle |
front 156 In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate | back 156 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced |
front 157 For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced? | back 157 12 |
front 158 Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? | back 158 chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
front 159 Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? | back 159 mitochondrial inner membrane |
front 160 Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2) are required? | back 160 6 |
front 161 Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? | back 161 NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only. |
front 162 The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is | back 162 oxygen |
front 163 Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? | back 163 glycolysis |