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    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
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22 notecards = 6 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Antimicrobials and major Phyla/Classes

front 1

Abx that inhibit proper synthesis of new cell wall

back 1

Beta-lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporin, Monobactam)

Vancomycin and cycloserine- interfere w/crosslinking

Bacitracin- blocks NAG/NAM secretion from cytoplasm

Isoniazid and ethambutol

front 2

Abx that inhibit protein synthesis

back 2

Streptomycin- some aminoglycosides alter 30S shape= mRNA misread

Tetracycline- block tRNA docking site (A site)

Chloramphenicol- block peptide bond formation

Lincosamides & Macrolides- bind 50S, block mRNA movement

front 3

Abx that inhibit general metabolic pathways

back 3

Atovaquone- interfere with ETC of protozoa & fungi

Heavy metals- inactivate enzymes

Niclosamide- disrupt oxida. phos. of ATP in many protozoa & helminths

Amantadine- inhibit viral uncoating in Influenza A

Sulfanilamide- analog of PABA; irreversibly binds enzyme for folic acid synth, which is required for nucleic acid synth

front 4

Abx that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

back 4

Nucleoside analogs- acyclovir, AZT, ribavirin - don’t properly base-pair

quinolones/fluoroquinolones- target prok. DNA gyrase

front 5

Abx that disrupt cytoplasmic membrane

back 5

Amphotericin B- attaches to ergosterol in fungi, forms membrane channels. Human cholesterol=somewhat susceptible. Bacteria=no effect

Azoles & allylamines- inhibit ergosterol synthesis= only target fungi

Polymyxin- target membrane in gram (-), esp. Pseudomonas .

  1. Toxic to human kidney

front 6

Antiviral to prevent viral attachment/entry

back 6

Arildone- block Poliovirus attachment

front 7

Low G+C Gram (+) bacteria

back 7

  1. Phylum Firmicutes:
    1. Clostridia: bacilli, obligate anaerobes, endospores, toxins
    2. Mycoplasma: facultative/obligate anaerobes, no cell walls (pleomorphic), smallest free-living cells
    3. Bacillus- soil; endospores
    4. Listeria- milk/meat contaminate;
    5. Lactobacillus- normal in body; yogurt
    6. Streptococcus
    7. Enterococcus
    8. Staphylococcus

front 8

High G+C Gram (+) bacteria

back 8

  1. Phylum Actinobacteria
    1. Corynebacterium: pleomorphic aerobe/ facultative anaerobe; produce metachromatic granules (PO4 storage)
    2. Mycobacterium: aerobic rods/filaments; slow growth due to mycolic acid on cell walls/ acid-fast stain
    3. Actinomycetes: branching filaments (like fungi)
    4. Actinomyces: in mouth
    5. Nocardia: degrades pollutants
    6. Streptomyces: make Abx (erythromycin, tetracycline)

front 9

Phylum Proteobacteria: Class Alpha

back 9

nitrogen fixers, nitrifying bacteria, can live in vinegar and low nutrient water baths

Pathogens: Rickettsia, Brucella

front 10

Phylum Proteobacteria: Class Beta

back 10

  1. Pathogens:
    1. Neisseria- gonorrhea, meningitis
    2. Bordetella- Pertussis(whooping cough)
    3. Burkholderia- moist environments
  2. Non-pathogens: recycle sulfur into sulfate, waste treatment

front 11

Phylum Proteobacteria: Class Gamma

back 11

Most diverse class

  1. Intracellular pathogens:
    1. Legionella- eat amino acids, in macrophages; Legionnaires Disease
    2. Coxiella- low pH, in macrophages, Q fever
  2. Methane oxidizers
  3. Glycolytic facultative anaerobes (Enterobacteriaceae): Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio; cause gastroenteritis and plague
  4. Pseudomonas- UTIs

front 12

Phylum Proteobacteria: Class Epsilon

back 12

Campylobacter- blood poisoning

Helicobacter- H. pylori, stomach ulcer

front 13

Other Gram (-) bacteria

back 13

Chlamydias-

  1. Chlamydia- small cocci, intracellular, cause chlamydia STD and neonatal blindness

Spirochetes- helical, axial filaments

Bacteroides- obligate anaerobe rods, comprise 30% of feces bacteria

    1. Treponema- Syphilis
    2. Borrelia- Lyme Disease
    3. Bacteroids

front 14

Protozoa: General Characteristics

back 14

  1. Eukaryotic, unicellular, no cell wall
  2. all motile but apicomplexa
  3. require moist environments
  4. Usually asexual, but some sexual

front 15

Parabasala

back 15

Protozoa; no mito;

ex: Trichomonas

front 16

Diplomonadids

back 16

Protozoa; no mito, golgi bodies, or peroxisomes;

ex: Giardia

front 17

Euglenozoa

back 17

Protozoa

Euglena- phototropic, no cell wall, flagella

Kinetoplastids- have kinetoplast (MRO);

ex: Trypanosoma, Leishmania

front 18

Alveolates

back 18

Protozoa

Ciliates- chemohetero, 2 nuclei

ex: Paramecium

Apicomplexans- chemohetero pathogens;

ex: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma

front 19

Fungi, Division Zygomycota

back 19

saprobes & obligate parasites

ex: Microsporidia, Nosema

front 20

Fungi, Division Ascomycota

back 20

Molds and yeasts. Food, Abx, pathogens

Ex: Tuber (truffles), Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Histoplasma

front 21

Fungi, Division Basidiomycota

back 21

Mushrooms and yeasts.

Ex: edible mushrooms, Cryptococcus neoformans (fungal meningitis)

front 22

Important Virus Families

back 22

      1. Herpesviridae: dsDNA
      2. Papillomaviridae: dsDNA
      3. Picornaviridae: ssRNA(+)
        1. Rhinovirus, Hep A, Polio
      4. Coronaviridae: ssRNA(+)
        1. SARS, cold
      5. Retroviridae: ssRNA(+) segmented
        1. HIV
      6. Rhabdoviridae: ssRNA(-)
        1. Rabies
      7. Filoviridae: ssRNA(-)
        1. Ebola
        2. Marburg (hemorrhagic fever)