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Research Methods Chapter 6

front 1

  • Assignment Bias
  • History
  • Environmental Variables
  • Regression to the Mean
  • Maturation
  • Instrumentation
  • Testing Effects

back 1

Threats to Internal Validity

front 2

Descriptive Research Strategy

back 2

a general approach to research that involves measuring a variable or set of variables as they exist naturally to produce a description of individual variables as they exist within a specific group, but does not attempt to describe or explain relationships between variables

front 3

Linear Relationships

back 3

shows the changing values of two variables, a pattern in which the data points tend to cluster around a straight line

front 4

Curvilinear Relationship

back 4

graph showing the changing values of two variables, a pattern in which the data points tend to cluster around a curved line

front 5

Positive Relationship

back 5

a relationship in which the two variables or measurements tend to change together in the same direction

front 6

Negative Relationship

back 6

a relationship in which the two variables or measurements tend to change together in opposite directions

front 7

Correlational Research Strategy

back 7

General approach to research that involves measuring two or more variables for each individual to describe the relationship between the variables

front 8

Experimental Research Strategy

back 8

Research strategy that attempts to establish the existence of a cause- and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one variable while measuring the second variable and controlling all other variables

front 9

Quasi-experimental Research Strategy

back 9

a strategy that attempts to limit threats to internal validity and produces cause and effect conclusions but lacks either manipulation or control

front 10

Nonexperimental Research Strategy

back 10

a strategy that attempts to demonstrate a relationship between two variables by comparing different groups of scores but makes no attempt to minimize threats to internal validity or to explain the relationship

front 11

Research Design

back 11

specifies whether the study will involve groups or individual participants, will make comparisons within a group or between groups, and how many variables will be included in the study

front 12

Research Procedure

back 12

is an exact, step-by-step description of a specific research study

front 13

External Validity

back 13

refers to the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those used in that study

front 14

Internal Validity

back 14

produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables

front 15

  • Selection Bias
  • College Student
  • Volunteer Bias
  • Participant Characteristics
  • Cross-species generalization

back 15

Threats to External Validity: Category 1

front 16

  • Novelty effect
  • Multiple-treatment interference
  • Experimenter characteristics

back 16

Threats to External Validity: Category 2

front 17

  • Sensitization
  • Generality across response measures
  • Time of measurement

back 17

Threats to External Validity: Category 3

front 18

Extraneous Variable

back 18

any variable in a research study other than the specific variables being studied

front 19

Confounding Variable

back 19

is an extraneous variable (usually unmonitored) that changes systematically along with the two variables being studied. provides an alternative explanation for the results

front 20

  • Assignment Bias
  • History
  • Environmental Variables
  • Regression to the Mean
  • Maturation
  • Instrumentation
  • Time-Related Variables

back 20

Threats to Internal Validity

front 21

experimenter bias

back 21

occurs when the experimenter's expectation or personal beliefs regarding the outcome of the study influence the findings of a study.