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24 notecards = 6 pages (4 cards per page)

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Microbiology Chapter 6

front 1

Microbial Growth refers to

back 1

Increase in number of cells, not cell size.
*Populations
*colonies

front 2

The requirements for growth

* Physical requirements (there are 3)

back 2

1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Osmotic pressure

front 3

The requirements for growth

* Chemical Requirements (there are 5)

back 3

1. Carbon

2. Nitrogen, sulfur & phosphorous

3. Trace elements

4. Oxygen

5. Organic growth factor

front 4

Physical Requirements

back 4

Temperature
* MINIMUM growth temp
* OPTIMUM growth temp
* MAXIMUM growth temp

front 5

Psychrotrophs

back 5

* Grow between 0°C & 20-30°C
* Cause food spoilage

front 6

Food preservation temperatures

What temperatures is the danger zone?

back 6

Between 20°C to 50°C

* Rapid growth of bactera; some may produce toxins.

front 7

pH

Most bacteria grow between pH

back 7

6.5 & 7.5

front 8

pH

Molds and yeasts grow between pH

back 8

5 & 6

front 9

pH

Acidophile grow in _____ environments

back 9

acidic

front 10

Osmotic Pressure

Hypertonic environments, or an increase in salt or sugar, cause

back 10

Plasmolysis

front 11

Osmotic Pressure

_____ or ______ require high osmotic pressure

back 11

Extreme / obligate halophiles

front 12

Obligate →

back 12

requires

front 13

Facultative →

back 13

tolerate

front 14

Osmotic Pressure

_______ tolerate high osmotic pressure

back 14

Facultative halophiles

*(notice the word tolerate in the question)

front 15

Chemical Requirements

Carbon

back 15

* Structural organic molecules, energy source
* Chemoheterothrophs use organic carbon sources
* Autotrophs use CO2

front 16

Chemical Requirements

Nitrogen

back 16

* In amino acids & proteins
* Most bacteria decompose proteins
* Some bacteria use NH4+ or NO-3 (ammonia / Nitrates)
* A few bacteria use N2 in NITROGEN FIXATION

front 17

Chemical Requirements

Sulfur

back 17

* In amino acids, thiamine, & biotin
* Most bacteria decompose proteins
* Some bacteria use SO2-4 or H2S

front 18

Chemical Requirements

Phosphorus

back 18

* In DNA, RNA, ATP & membranes
* PO3-4 is a source of phosphorus

front 19

Chemical Requirements

Trace elements

back 19

* Inorganic elements required in small amounts
* Usually as enzyme cofactors

front 20

The effect of Oxygen on the growth of various types of bacteria

Obilgate Aerobes

back 20

* Only aerobic growth; oxygen required.
* Growth occurs on where high concentration of oxygen have diffused into the medium.
example: 1st tube at the left

front 21

The effect of Oxygen on the growth of various types of bacteria

Facultative Anaerobes

back 21

*Both aerobic & anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen.
* Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs through out tube.
example: 2nd tube from left

front 22

The effect of Oxygen on the growth of various types of bacteria

Obilgate Anaerobes

back 22

* Only anaerobic growth ceases in presence of oxygen.
* Growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
(bacteria clumped at bottom of tube)

front 23

The effect of Oxygen on the growth of various types of bacteria

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

back 23

*Only anaerobic growth, but continues in presence of energy.
*Growth occurs evenly; oxygen has no effect
example: 2nd to the last tube on right

front 24

The effect of Oxygen on the growth of various types of bacteria

Microaerophiles

back 24

*Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration.
*Growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium.
example: very last tube on the right.