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90 notecards = 23 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Lower Limb

front 1

How many tarsal bones are found in the foot?

back 1

7

front 2

Which metatarsal bone of the foot has a prominent tuberosity frequently fractured?

back 2

5th

front 3

What term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?

back 3

Dorsum

front 4

Where would the interphalangeal joint be found in the foot?

back 4

Between the phalanges of the first digit

front 5

Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali?

back 5

Calcaneus

front 6

How many articular facets make up the subtalar joint?

back 6

Three

front 7

What are the two arches of the foot?

back 7

Longitudinal and transverse

front 8

The medial malleolus is part of the:

back 8

tibia

front 9

The ankle joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement.

back 9

synovial; sellar

front 10

Another term for the intercondylar sulcus is the:

back 10

patellar surface.

front 11

True/False:

The patella is drawn into the intercondylar sulcus when the knee is overextended.

back 11

False

front 12

A tear of the tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) caused by a trauma injury is frequently associated with tears of the:

back 12

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the medial meniscus.

front 13

Saclike structures found in the knee joint that allow smooth articulation between ligaments and tendons are called:

back 13

bursae.

front 14

To decrease the angle between the anterior surface of the foot and anterior surface of the lower leg is described as:

back 14

dorsiflexion.

front 15

The patellofemoral joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement.

back 15

synovial; sellar

front 16

Which tendon attaches directly to the tibial tuberosity?

back 16

Patellar

front 17

The calcaneus articulates with the talus and the:

back 17

cuboid.

front 18

A radiographic appearance of a highly malignant and extensively destructive lesion that usually occurs in long bones and produces a
sunburst pattern describes:

back 18

an osteogenic sarcoma

front 19

A radiographic appearance of a well-circumscribed lucency within bones describes:

back 19

a bone cyst.

front 20

True/False:

With cassette-less digital systems, you can use a grid for a foot projection if it is impractical to remove it.

back 20

True

front 21

True/False:

When multiple exposures are placed on a single computed radiography image receptor (IR), lead masking should not be placed on
the unexposed regions of the imaging plate.

back 21

False

front 22

The best method of evaluating injuries to the menisci and ligaments of the knee joint involves:

back 22

a magnetic resonance imaging procedure.

front 23

True/False:

The adductor tubercle is located on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle.

back 23

True

front 24

The distal tibiofibular joint is classified as a ____ joint.

back 24

fibrous

front 25

Which joint is a modified ellipsoidal or condyloid joint?

back 25

Metatarsophalangeal

front 26

Extending the ankle joint or pointing the foot and toes downward is called:

back 26

plantar flexion.

front 27

How much central ray (CR) angulation (if any) should be used for an AP projection of the toes?

back 27

10 to 15 degrees toward calcaneus

front 28

Which routine should be performed for a study of the second toe?

back 28

AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, lateromedial projection

front 29

How much is the foot dorsiflexed with the tangential projection for the sesamoid bones if the CR remains perpendicular to the
image receptor?

back 29

15 to 20 degrees from vertical

front 30

A lateral knee radiograph that is overrotated toward the image receptor can be recognized by:

back 30

The fibular head will appear less superimposed by the tibia than a true lateral.

front 31

True/False

A correctly positioned AP 45 degree medial oblique ankle projection frequently may also demonstrate a fracture of the base of the fifth
metatarsal if present.

back 31

True

front 32

To properly visualize the joint spaces with the AP projection of the foot, the CR must be:

back 32

perpendicular to the metatarsals.

front 33

Which position of the foot will best demonstrate the lateral (third) cuneiform?

back 33

AP oblique with medial rotation

front 34

What is one advantage of the lateromedial projection of the foot?

back 34

The foot assumes a more true lateral position.

front 35

What CR angulation is required for the AP oblique projection of the foot?

back 35

CR is perpendicular to the image receptor.

front 36

How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus?

back 36

30 to 35 degrees

front 37

Where is the CR placed for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus?

back 37

1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus

front 38

Which joint surfaces of the ankle joint are open with an AP projection of the ankle?

back 38

Medial and superior

front 39

How much rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce an AP mortise projection?

back 39

15 to 20 degrees

front 40

Which projection of the ankle will best demonstrate the open joint space of the lateral aspect of the ankle joint?

back 40

AP mortise projection

front 41

The purpose of the AP stress views of the ankle is to demonstrate:

back 41

possible joint separations or ligament tear.

front 42

To ensure that both joints are included on an AP projection of the tibia and fibula on an adult, the technologist should:

back 42

turn the image receptor diagonally.

front 43

What CR angulation is required for an AP projection of the knee on a patient with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 18 cm?

back 43

3 to 5 degrees caudad

front 44

Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition?

back 44

AP oblique with medial rotation

front 45

What CR angle should be used for a lateral projection of the knee on a short, wide-pelvis patient?

back 45

7 to 10 degrees cephalad

front 46

What is the major disadvantage of using 45 degrees of flexion for the mediolateral projection of the knee?

back 46

Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus

front 47

True/False:

The superoinferior, tangential (Hobbs modification) projection requires a CR angle of 5 to 10 degrees posterior.

back 47

False

front 48

True/False:

The AP mortise projection of the ankle is commonly taken in surgery during open reductions.

back 48

True

front 49

True/False:

Follow-up radiographs for a fractured tibia and fibula may include only the joint closest to the site of injury.

back 49

True

front 50

What type of CR angle is required for the PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)?

back 50

10 degrees caudad

front 51

Which special position of the knee requires that the patient be placed supine with 40 degrees flexion of knee with the CR angled 30 degrees from
the long axis of the femur?

back 51

Bilateral Merchant method

front 52

How much flexion of the knee is recommended for the lateral projection of the patella?

back 52

5 to 10 degrees or less

front 53

What is the recommended SID for the superoinferior sitting tangential (Hobbs modification) method?

back 53

48 to 50 inches (123 to 128 cm)

front 54

A radiograph of an AP projection of the second toe reveals that the interphalangeal joints are not open. What is the most likely
cause for this radiographic outcome?

back 54

Incorrect CR centering or angle

front 55

A radiograph of an AP medial oblique projection of the foot, if positioned correctly, should demonstrate:

back 55

third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition.

front 56

A radiograph of an AP ankle projection reveals that the lateral joint space is not open (lateral malleolus is partially superimposed by
the talus). The superior and medial joint spaces are open. What should the technologist do to correct this problem and improve the
image?

back 56

Nothing; this is an acceptable image.

front 57

True/False:

The adductor tubercle is present on the medial, posterior aspect of the femoral condyle and can be used to determine possible
rotation of a lateral knee projection.

back 57

True

front 58

The profile appearance of the adductor tubercle and excessive superimposition of the fibular head and neck on a lateral knee
projection indicate:

back 58

the CR should be angled 5 to 7 degrees cephalad.

front 59

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the patella reveals that the femoropatellar joint space is not open. The patella is within the
intercondylar sulcus. The most likely cause of this is:

back 59

excessive flexion of the knee.

front 60

A radiograph of an AP knee reveals rotation with almost total superimposition of the fibular head and the proximal tibia. What must
the technologist do to correct this positioning error on the repeat exposure?

back 60

Rotate the knee medially slightly.

front 61

A radiograph of a PA axial projection for the intercondylar fossa does not demonstrate the fossa well. It is foreshortened. The
following positioning factors were used: patient prone, knee flexed 40 to 45 degrees, CR angled to be perpendicular to the femur, 40-inch
SID, and no rotation of the lower limb. On the basis of the factors used, what changes need to be made to produce a more diagnostic
image?

back 61

CR must be perpendicular to lower leg.

front 62

A radiograph of a AP mortise projection of the ankle reveals that the lateral malleolus is slightly superimposed over the talus and
the lateral joint space is not open. What is most likely the cause for this radiographic outcome?

back 62

Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle

front 63

A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of osteoarthritis of both knees. The referring physician wants a projection to
evaluate the damage to the articular facets. Which of the following projections will provide the best image of this region of the
knee?

back 63

PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)

front 64

A patient comes to the radiology department for a knee study with special interest in the region of the proximal tibiofibular joint and
the lateral condyle of the tibia. Which positioning routines should the technologist obtain?

back 64

AP, lateral, and medial oblique knee

front 65

A geriatric patient comes to the radiology department for a study of the knee. The patient is unsteady and unsure of himself. Which
intercondylar fossa projection would provide the best results without risk of injury to the patient?

back 65

Camp-Coventry method

front 66

A patient comes to radiology for an evaluation of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Which projections would
provide the best information about the arch?

back 66

AP and lateral weight-bearing projections of foot

front 67

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a possible transverse fracture of the patella. Which routines
would safely provide the best images of the patella?

back 67

AP and horizontal beam lateral, no flexion of knee

front 68

A patient enters the ED with an injury near the base of the first and second metatarsals. The basic foot projections are inconclusive
on demonstrating a fracture to the medial cuneiform. Which projections would best demonstrate this bone?

back 68

AP oblique with lateral rotation

front 69

A patient comes to radiology with a history of chondromalacia of the patella. The orthopedic surgeon is concerned about possible
loose bodies in the femoropatellar joint space. She wants the best projection to demonstrate this joint space. What projection should
be performed?

back 69

Merchant method

front 70

A patient comes to radiology with a history of chondromalacia of the patella. Her physician orders a projection of the patellofemoral
joint space. Due to advanced emphysema, the patient cannot lie recumbent for this projection. Which projection
would be best for this patient?

back 70

Superoinferior sitting tangential method

front 71

A radiograph of a plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus reveals foreshortening. The technologist used 60 kV, 6 mAs,
40-inch (102 cm) SID, and a 30 cephalad CR angle from the long axis of the foot. Which modification will
produce a more diagnostic image of the calcaneus?

back 71

Increase CR angulation.

front 72

Which projections will best demonstrate signs of Osgood-Schlatter disease?

back 72

AP and lateral knee

front 73

A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a Lisfranc joint injury. Which projections would best
demonstrate this condition?

back 73

Weight-bearing foot series

front 74

True/False:

The disadvantage of the superoinferior sitting, tangential (Hobbs modification) method is that it requires acute flexion of the knee.

back 74

True

front 75

True/False:

A 3 to 5 degree caudad CR angle should be used for an AP knee projection for patients with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 20 cm.

back 75

False

front 76

True/False:

The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella.

back 76

False

front 77

True/False:

The tangential projection for the sesamoid bones of the foot should be performed with the patient prone rather than supine to
minimize image magnification, if the patient condition allows it.

back 77

True

front 78

True/False:

The foot must be force dorsiflexed so that the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise
projections of the ankle.

back 78

False

front 79

True/False:

A correctly positioned lateral ankle will demonstrate the lateral malleolus superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia.

back 79

True

front 80

For the AP weight-bearing feet projection, the CR should be:

back 80

angled 15 degrees posteriorly

front 81

For the AP weight-bearing knee projection on an average patient, the CR should be:

back 81

perpendicular to the image receptor.

front 82

A patient comes to radiology with an infection involving the sesamoid bones of the foot. Beyond the routine foot projections, which
projection can be performed to best demonstrate these structures?

back 82

Tangential projection

front 83

A patient enters radiology with a possible ligament tear to the lateral aspect of the ankle. Initial ankle radiographs are negative for
fracture or dislocation. Because the clinic is in a rural setting, the patient cannot have an MRI performed to evaluate the ligaments
of the ankle. Which techniques may provide an assessment of the soft tissue structures of the ankle?

back 83

AP stress projections

front 84

Which of the following imaging modalities and/or procedures will provide the best assessment for osteomyelitis of the foot?

back 84

Nuclear medicine

front 85

A radiograph of an AP oblique foot with medial rotation demonstrates considerable superimposition of the third through fifth
metatarsals. How must the original position be changed to eliminate this problem?

back 85

Decrease obliquity of the foot.

front 86

True/False:

Another term for osteomalacia is rickets.

back 86

True

front 87

The radiographic hallmark of Reiter’s syndrome seen in young men is:

back 87

erosion of the Achilles tendon insertion.

front 88

Another term for osteochondroma is:

back 88

exostosis.

front 89

Which projection of the patella requires the patient to be placed in a prone position, a 55 degree flexion of the knee, and
a 15 to 20 degree angle of the CR?

back 89

Bilateral Merchant method

front 90

How much knee flexion is required for the weight-bearing PA axial projection (Rosenberg method) of the knee?

back 90

45 degree flexion