front 1 Microbiology | back 1 study of micro-organisms |
front 2 Micro-organisms | back 2 living, mostly unicellular microscopic organisms |
front 3 Disease | back 3 an abnormal state in which the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing normal functions |
front 4 Medical microbiology | back 4 the branch of microbiology; dealing with human pathogens (disease causing agents) |
front 5 Scope of course | back 5 1. Study of different groups of microbes 2. Pathogenic properties of microbes 3. host defenses 4. control of microbial growth 5. surgery infections diseases 6. importance of lab course. |
front 6 Procaryotes | back 6 Characteristics: Primitive cells, no nuclear membrane, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles. Cells divide by binary fission. |
front 7 Groups of Procaryotes: | back 7 Bacteria, Mycoplasmas, Rickettsia, Chlamydia |
front 8 Bacteria | back 8 found in all natural environment on humans can be pathogen exists in 3 shapes: Cocci (round), Bacillus(rod), Spiral |
front 9 Mycoplasmas | back 9 smaller in size than bacteria shapes are atypical, no cell wall cause respiratory & urogenital infections in humans (bladder STD's) |
front 10 Rickettsia | back 10 very small bacteria that have causative agents of typhus & other febrile diseases in humans. like viruses, can only grow inside living cells transmitted by mites, ticks or lice. |
front 11 Chlamydia | back 11 cocci, small parasitic bacteria like a virus requires biomechanisms of another cell in order to reproduce #1 causing STD |
front 12 Eukaryotes | back 12 True nucleus cells we're familiar with: plants & animals have nucleus and nuclear membrane Groups include: fungi, algae, protozoa |
front 13 Fungi | back 13 Fingi is found in bad food, pharmaceutical lack chlorophyll (can't make own food). They are Saprophytes; depend on food from others. Divide by asexual & sexual reproduce. Have cell wall & cellulose cell wall. both unicellular (single celled) & multicellular Unicellular: yeast (pathogens) Multicellular: Mold(pathogens) & mushrooms(produce toxins, damage GI) |
front 14 Algae | back 14 1st in food chain, Autotrophs: they can make their own food bc they have chlorophyll. NOT A HUMAN PATHOGEN Uses photosyntheses; traps sunlight unicellular and multicellular |
front 15 Protozoa (see notebook for this card) | back 15 *Parasite* : single celled: protozoa have structures used to move around ciliata: move by cilia ; flagellate, amoeba, sporozoa multicellular: Helmiths, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes |
front 16 Virus | back 16 living, non cellular, pathogenic organisms; simple in structure; DNA or RNA virus. outside of DNA/RNA is protein coat small in size; obligate intracellular parasite (have to be inside a living cell) |
front 17 Size of Micro-organisms | back 17 no data |
front 18 2. History of Micro Demonic & Humoral Theory | back 18 Demonic: no terminology then only visual; thought that supernatural phenomenon caused by demons Humoral: body fluid theory, natural thing |
front 19 Robert Hook Discovery | back 19 Englishman discovered 1st single microscope. Didn't see any live things. Microscope x270 magnification |
front 20 Germ theory of Diseases | back 20 microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease |
front 21 Theory of Spontaneous Generation | back 21 living organism arose from non-living things |
front 22 John Needham (1745) | back 22 challenged Redi's findings. 1st who spoke of spontaneous generation. life could come from non-living things. left chicken broth in a flask open & presence of life appeared even when he heated & sealed the bottle. He actually didn't heat it long enough to kill all the microbes |
front 23 Francesco Redi | back 23 Put meat in one jar with a lid and another without a lid. Open one was covered in maggots, closed was not. The lid was though disproving Needhams spontaneous generation theory. Flies left eggs on the lid |
front 24 Theory of Biogenesis | back 24 1st proposed by Virchow who said living things can arise from pre-existing living cells. Louise Pasteur: created gooseneck flask, if no air comes in living object stays. showed & supported theory. |
front 25 Pasteurization | back 25 by Louis Pasteur; heating process to kill all inactive bacteria in milk, fruit juices, alcohol. Increase temp to 62.8 celsius for 30 mins. Louis also discovered vaccine for Cholera. |
front 26 Fermentation | back 26 Also by Louis chemical breakdown of fruit juices into alcohol. sugar + yeast in absence of air = alcohol Alcohol + yeast in air = acetic acid vinegar (alcohol goes bad) |
front 27 Robert Koch | back 27 single type of microorganism can cause a single type of disease. -Same pathogen must be present in every case of disease. -Pathogen must be isolated from disease & host & grown in pure culture (by itself) - pathogen in culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a health animal. -pathogen must be isolated from the 2nd set of diseased experimental animals & shown to be original organism. Transmission of anthrax between cows & humans which proved the germ theory; |
front 28 Vaccine | back 28 discovered by Edward Jenner. People in village were sick with pox except for milk maid; tested her blood & she had antibodies. Vacca=Cow Vaccine is a resistance to a particular disease conferred by inoculating w a vaccine. Prepared from a killed weakened pathogen |
front 29 Antisepsis | back 29 Sepsis=infection ... Anti-infection. Ignaz Semmelweis: encouraged hand washing & cleaning instruments Joseph Lister: father of antiseptic surgery, used carbolic salts and acids to clean instruments |
front 30 Immunology | back 30 Study of Immunity |
front 31 Virology | back 31 study of viruses, after discover of microscope |
front 32 Chemotherapy | back 32 Chemical treatment of disease. |
front 33 Paul Ehlrich | back 33 discovered 1st synthetic drug artificially made in the lab |
front 34 Alexander Flemming | back 34 natural drug discovered by accident; when he was working with staphylococcus discovered penicillin from penicillium in the mold. |
front 35 Microbial Genetics & Molecular Biology | back 35 Microbial Genetics: how microorganism inherit traits Molecular Biology: how genetic information is stored inside DNA and how DNA makes protein |
front 36 Taxonomical Hierarchy (see notebook for hierarchy) | back 36 Taxonomy: signs of classification and identification of organisms. |
front 37 Kingdom classification system | back 37 In 1969 Robert Whittaker created 5 kingdom classifcations 1. Monera: *only procaryote group* ancestors to all eukaryotes, mostly unicellular & prokaryotic. 2. Protista: mostly unicellular organisms, eukaryotic, includes protozoa & algae 3. Fungi: heterotrophs, can't make own food absorb it 4. Plantae: multicellular phototrophs (make own food) 5. Animalia: multicellular ingestive heterotrophs |
front 38 Domain Classification systems | back 38 Carl Woese: based this on modern techniques in biochem and molecular biology 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaeo bacteria 2. Eukaryotes |
front 39 Archaebacteria | back 39 live in extreme environments b/c their cell walls can't live in oxygen, carry out unusual metabolism; Methanogens- metabolism produces CH4 gas (methane) Halophiles- high salt environment ; Thermoacidphile-need high temps and high acid conditions |
front 40 Naming micro organisms | back 40 always has a genus name, then species name. Genus name may be abbreviated ex: S. aureus. always underlined or italic example: Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcus genus word meaning cluster of cocci aureus is species name meaning golden (look yellowish) |
front 41 Staphylococcus | back 41 a species of bacteria that are a common cause of infection. found on skin, upper respiratory. clusters of cocci that grow in clusters on artificial media in lab. many strains of S.Aureus; most killed by antibiotic methicillin but not the strains. MRSA is methicillin resistant s. aureus. |
front 42 Escherichia Coli | back 42 (E.coli) another species of bacteria. Coli- species meaning these bacteria live in the intestines (colon) or can infect the colon There are strains of E.Coli; serious & fatal food infection. |
front 43 Strain | back 43 Each different group within a species |
front 44 Anton Leewhenoken | back 44 used microscope to see weaving of materials he wanted to see what was in tears, saliva, rain, pond water. 1st to see live biological specimens. |
front 45 Phylogeny | back 45 refers to evolutionary history |
front 46 Binary (transverse) Fission | back 46 bacteria divide by budding or fragmentation binary fission; method of prokaryote division. |
front 47 Phases of Bacteria Growth (know 4 stages and what happens) | back 47 1. Lag Pase 2. Log Phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Decline (death phase) |
front 48 Lag Phase | back 48 when cells aren't dividing; making new cytoplasm, DNA; Elongate (become longer); lag phase is the TIME INTERVAL between growth curves |
front 49 Log Phase | back 49 when the cells are actively dividing at a steady rate aka EXPONENTIAL GROWTH PHASE. bacteria are susceptible at this stage to antibiotics and radiation. 1-3 hours for growth phase to complete |
front 50 stationary phase | back 50 growth of population stops because nutrients are used up and toxic materials build up. same # of cells dividing same # of cells dying |
front 51 Decline phase (death phase) | back 51 when population is dying |
front 52 structure of prokaryotic bacterial cell capsule | back 52 aka slime layer or GLYCOCALYX Located external to the cell wall structure; sticky, gelatins polysaccharide or polypeptide can be both. functions: gives protection for bacteria against any adverse condition, protects from phagocytosis (cell eating) help bacteria attach to any surface. gives virulence (power to become pathogenic) |
front 53 flagella | back 53 hollow, whip like organ, for movement attached to cell membrane helps bacteria move structure: consist of 3 parts, long filament attached to hook attached to basal body |
front 54 saprophyte | back 54 depend on food from others |