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Microbiology Chapter 1

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Microbiology

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study of micro-organisms

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Micro-organisms

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living, mostly unicellular microscopic organisms

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Disease

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an abnormal state in which the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing normal functions

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Medical microbiology

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the branch of microbiology; dealing with human pathogens (disease causing agents)

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Scope of course

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1. Study of different groups of microbes 2. Pathogenic properties of microbes

3. host defenses 4. control of microbial growth

5. surgery infections diseases 6. importance of lab course.

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Procaryotes

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Characteristics:

Primitive cells, no nuclear membrane, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles.

Cells divide by binary fission.

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Groups of Procaryotes:

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Bacteria, Mycoplasmas, Rickettsia, Chlamydia

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Bacteria

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found in all natural environment on humans

can be pathogen

exists in 3 shapes: Cocci (round), Bacillus(rod), Spiral

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Mycoplasmas

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smaller in size than bacteria

shapes are atypical, no cell wall

cause respiratory & urogenital infections in humans (bladder STD's)

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Rickettsia

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very small bacteria that have causative agents of typhus & other febrile diseases in humans.

like viruses, can only grow inside living cells

transmitted by mites, ticks or lice.

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Chlamydia

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cocci, small parasitic bacteria like a virus

requires biomechanisms of another cell in order to reproduce

#1 causing STD

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Eukaryotes

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True nucleus

cells we're familiar with: plants & animals

have nucleus and nuclear membrane

Groups include: fungi, algae, protozoa

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Fungi

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Fingi is found in bad food, pharmaceutical lack chlorophyll (can't make own food). They are Saprophytes; depend on food from others. Divide by asexual & sexual reproduce. Have cell wall & cellulose cell wall. both unicellular (single celled) & multicellular Unicellular: yeast (pathogens) Multicellular: Mold(pathogens) & mushrooms(produce toxins, damage GI)

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Algae

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1st in food chain, Autotrophs: they can make their own food bc they have chlorophyll. NOT A HUMAN PATHOGEN

Uses photosyntheses; traps sunlight

unicellular and multicellular

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Protozoa

(see notebook for this card)

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*Parasite* : single celled: protozoa have structures used to move around

ciliata: move by cilia ; flagellate, amoeba, sporozoa

multicellular: Helmiths, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes

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Virus

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living, non cellular, pathogenic organisms; simple in structure; DNA or RNA virus. outside of DNA/RNA is protein coat

small in size; obligate intracellular parasite (have to be inside a living cell)

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Size of Micro-organisms

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no data

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2. History of Micro

Demonic & Humoral Theory

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Demonic: no terminology then only visual; thought that supernatural phenomenon caused by demons

Humoral: body fluid theory, natural thing

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Robert Hook Discovery

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Englishman discovered 1st single microscope. Didn't see any live things. Microscope x270 magnification

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Germ theory of Diseases

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microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease

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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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living organism arose from non-living things

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John Needham (1745)

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challenged Redi's findings. 1st who spoke of spontaneous generation. life could come from non-living things. left chicken broth in a flask open & presence of life appeared even when he heated & sealed the bottle.

He actually didn't heat it long enough to kill all the microbes

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Francesco Redi

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Put meat in one jar with a lid and another without a lid. Open one was covered in maggots, closed was not. The lid was though disproving Needhams spontaneous generation theory. Flies left eggs on the lid

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Theory of Biogenesis

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1st proposed by Virchow who said living things can arise from pre-existing living cells.

Louise Pasteur: created gooseneck flask, if no air comes in living object stays. showed & supported theory.

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Pasteurization

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by Louis Pasteur; heating process to kill all inactive bacteria in milk, fruit juices, alcohol. Increase temp to 62.8 celsius for 30 mins.

Louis also discovered vaccine for Cholera.

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Fermentation

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Also by Louis

chemical breakdown of fruit juices into alcohol.

sugar + yeast in absence of air = alcohol

Alcohol + yeast in air = acetic acid vinegar (alcohol goes bad)

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Robert Koch

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single type of microorganism can cause a single type of disease. -Same pathogen must be present in every case of disease. -Pathogen must be isolated from disease & host & grown in pure culture (by itself) - pathogen in culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a health animal. -pathogen must be isolated from the 2nd set of diseased experimental animals & shown to be original organism. Transmission of anthrax between cows & humans which proved the germ theory;

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Vaccine

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discovered by Edward Jenner. People in village were sick with pox except for milk maid; tested her blood & she had antibodies. Vacca=Cow

Vaccine is a resistance to a particular disease conferred by inoculating w a vaccine. Prepared from a killed weakened pathogen

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Antisepsis

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Sepsis=infection ... Anti-infection.

Ignaz Semmelweis: encouraged hand washing & cleaning instruments

Joseph Lister: father of antiseptic surgery, used carbolic salts and acids to clean instruments

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Immunology

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Study of Immunity

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Virology

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study of viruses, after discover of microscope

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Chemotherapy

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Chemical treatment of disease.

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Paul Ehlrich

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discovered 1st synthetic drug artificially made in the lab

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Alexander Flemming

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natural drug discovered by accident; when he was working with staphylococcus discovered penicillin from penicillium in the mold.

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Microbial Genetics & Molecular Biology

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Microbial Genetics: how microorganism inherit traits

Molecular Biology: how genetic information is stored inside DNA and how DNA makes protein

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Taxonomical Hierarchy

(see notebook for hierarchy)

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Taxonomy: signs of classification and identification of organisms.

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Kingdom classification system

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In 1969 Robert Whittaker created 5 kingdom classifcations

1. Monera: *only procaryote group* ancestors to all eukaryotes, mostly unicellular & prokaryotic.

2. Protista: mostly unicellular organisms, eukaryotic, includes protozoa & algae

3. Fungi: heterotrophs, can't make own food absorb it

4. Plantae: multicellular phototrophs (make own food)

5. Animalia: multicellular ingestive heterotrophs

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Domain Classification systems

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Carl Woese: based this on modern techniques in biochem and molecular biology

1. Eubacteria

2. Archaeo bacteria

2. Eukaryotes

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Archaebacteria

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live in extreme environments b/c their cell walls can't live in oxygen, carry out unusual metabolism;

Methanogens- metabolism produces CH4 gas (methane) Halophiles- high salt environment ;

Thermoacidphile-need high temps and high acid conditions

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Naming micro organisms

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always has a genus name, then species name. Genus name may be abbreviated ex: S. aureus. always underlined or italic

example: Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcus genus word meaning cluster of cocci

aureus is species name meaning golden (look yellowish)

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Staphylococcus

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a species of bacteria that are a common cause of infection. found on skin, upper respiratory.

clusters of cocci that grow in clusters on artificial media in lab.

many strains of S.Aureus; most killed by antibiotic methicillin but not the strains. MRSA is methicillin resistant s. aureus.

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Escherichia Coli

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(E.coli) another species of bacteria.

Coli- species meaning these bacteria live in the intestines (colon) or can infect the colon

There are strains of E.Coli; serious & fatal food infection.

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Strain

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Each different group within a species

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Anton Leewhenoken

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used microscope to see weaving of materials he wanted to see what was in tears, saliva, rain, pond water. 1st to see live biological specimens.

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Phylogeny

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refers to evolutionary history

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Binary (transverse) Fission

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bacteria divide by budding or fragmentation

binary fission; method of prokaryote division.

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Phases of Bacteria Growth

(know 4 stages and what happens)

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1. Lag Pase

2. Log Phase

3. Stationary Phase

4. Decline (death phase)

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Lag Phase

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when cells aren't dividing; making new cytoplasm, DNA; Elongate (become longer); lag phase is the TIME INTERVAL

between growth curves

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Log Phase

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when the cells are actively dividing at a steady rate aka EXPONENTIAL GROWTH PHASE.

bacteria are susceptible at this stage to antibiotics and radiation.

1-3 hours for growth phase to complete

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stationary phase

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growth of population stops because nutrients are used up and toxic materials build up.

same # of cells dividing same # of cells dying

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Decline phase (death phase)

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when population is dying

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structure of prokaryotic bacterial cell

capsule

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aka slime layer or GLYCOCALYX

Located external to the cell wall

structure; sticky, gelatins polysaccharide or polypeptide can be both.

functions: gives protection for bacteria against any adverse condition, protects from phagocytosis (cell eating)

help bacteria attach to any surface. gives virulence (power to become pathogenic)

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flagella

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hollow, whip like organ, for movement attached to cell membrane helps bacteria move

structure: consist of 3 parts, long filament attached to hook attached to basal body

front 54

saprophyte

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depend on food from others