front 1 active membrane transport process= characteristic= types of solutes/conditions it is used= 2 types= | back 1 ALL require ATP -against [] gradient -too large for channels -not lipid-soluble vesicular transport active transport |
front 2 active transport desc. structure and how it works (what is required?) _ transports more than 1 substance | back 2 req. carrier proteins. substance binds specifically to carrier protein= conf. change= solutes move symporters, antiporters |
front 3 symporters= transport type= | back 3 carrier protein for secondary active transport 2 diff solutes move in same direction |
front 4 antiporters= transport type= | back 4 type of transporter carrier protein secondary active transport 2 diff solutes move in opp direction: one in one out |
front 5 primary active transport | back 5 active transport (move against electrochemical gradient) that DIRECTLY requires/uses ATP hydrolysis |
front 6 secondary active transport= EX: common solutes= | back 6 active transport that uses energy from [] gradient of a different solute that was directly created by ATP hydrolysis (primary active transport) sodium/glucose transporter: sodium is pumped against [] by a Na/K pump. as sodium DIFFUSES across membrane, brings glucose with it sugars, ions, a.a. (per TA, technically can be transported via facilitated, but most usually through secondary active transport) |
front 7 how does ATP hydrolysis allow solute to move against gradient? | back 7 energy released from ATP hydrolysis = conf. change =solutes pumped across :) |
front 8 sodium pot. pump desc= location= | back 8 desc= enzyme Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out, 2K+ in location= ALL plasma membranes, but especially active in excitable cells (ex: nerves and muscles) |
front 9 leakage channels= affect on membrane potential= | back 9 channels that allow mvmnt of substances. *ions move according to electricalchemical gradient (based on concentration and charge of ions) cause Na+ leak into cell, K+ leak out of cell maintains electrochemical gradient |
front 10 expl. GENERAL steps of Na/K pump | back 10 - ATP and Na+ binds -ATP hydrolysis= Conf change -Na+ released -K+ bind -P released -K+ released |
front 11 Does vesicular transport req ATP | back 11 YESSSSSS |
front 12 types of vesicular transport (4)= | back 12 endocytosis exocytosis transcytosis vesicular trafficking |
front 13 types of endocytosis (3) | back 13 phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis transcytosis |
front 14 endocytosis (desc. vesicle's characteristics; what happens to the vesicle?) | back 14 PROTEIN coated vesicles form vesicles become uncoated usually involves receptors they either: fuse with lysosome undergo transcytosis |
front 15 phagocytosis desc. vesicle formation and migration solutes EX of phagocytic cells | back 15 pseudopods (membrane projections) surround particle vesicle= phagosome phagosome combines with lysozome may/may not be protein coated large or solid particles EX: WBC, macrophages |
front 16 pinocytosis desc. vesicle formation and migration EX of pinocytosis cells | back 16 membrane infolds fluid/dissolved particles EX: located in cells that line small intestine (absorption) |
front 17 Specificity of phagocytosis vs pinocytosis | back 17 phagocytosis: more specific. usually contain receptors pinocytosis: nonspecific. NO receptors |
front 18 transcytosis | back 18 via vesicular transport: moves substances into, across, and then out of cell |
front 19 receptor mediated endocytosis solutes (NOT SURE HAVE TO KNOW FOR TEST) fates: | back 19 MAIN MECHANISM for specific endocytosis and transcytosis large proteins (enzymes, insulin, hormones), LDL, iron, viruses, cholera, etc fates released inside cell digested by lysosomes moved across the cell and then out of cell |
front 20 Desc. docking process in exocytosis | back 20 V-Snare on vesicle T-Snare on plasma membrane V-Snare and T-Snare hook together= exyocytosis |
front 21 substances exocytosed | back 21 hormones, neurotransmitters, cellular waste, mucus |
front 22 polarized cells applies to which cells? | back 22 cells that have a charge (there is a difference in electrical charge across membrane) ALL cells (all cells have RMP<0) |
front 23 resting membrane potential occurs at | back 23 ONLY membrane surface. fluid or the rest of the cell= electrically neutral |
front 24 desc "key player(s)" (solutes) that lead to RMP. which is more important? why? | back 24 -KEY PLAYER: K+ K+ driven out of cell by leaky channel diffusion BUT K+ driven into cell by electrical gradient (neg) -other player: Na+ driven to diffuse into cell b/c concentration AND electrical gradient -K+ more imp b/c membrane more permeable to K+ than Na+ |
front 25 when is RMP established? | back 25 when flow of K+ into cell= flow of K+ out of cell |
front 26 Why does Cl- NOT contribute to RMP | back 26 electrochemical gradient is EXACTLY balanced |
front 27 through what process/function is RMP maintained? | back 27 Na/K pump pumps 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in |
front 28 Why does steady state able to be maintained if there is an unequal [Na+] across the membrane? | back 28 active pumping of Na+ out of cell= rate of Na+ diff into cell |
front 29 how is RMP disrupted | back 29 opening of GATED ion channels (Na+ and K+) |
front 30 how do cells interact with env (directly, indirectly) | back 30 directly to cells or indirectly to env |
front 31 role of glycocalyx in cells= main types= | back 31 REQUIRED for ALL interactions of cell with other cells and cell with environment CAMs (cell adhesion molecule) Plasma membrane receptors |
front 32 CAM cell type= func= | back 32 glycoprotein "velcro"- anchors cells to each other and to ECM "arms"- help cells move past each other "SOS!!!"- attract WBC to injured/infected area "sensor"- detect and respond to changes in local tension/ fluid mvmnt at cell suface THEREFORE stimulates synthesis/degradation of adhesive junctions (ex: tight junctions) "signal"- transmit intracellular signals that direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization STORY: "CAM!! SOS! come here! Being a mother I sensed something was wrong with my cell phone signal so had to use this dumb velcro arm to get your attention. |
front 33 plasma membrane receptors= cell type= func= | back 33 membrane receptors that serve as binding site for signals glycocalyx (Text desc. it as glycoproteins) contact signaling chemical signaling |
front 34 desc. contact signaling of plasma membrane receptors func= important in= | back 34 cells tough each other through the receptors cell recognition normal development and immunity |
front 35 desc. chemical signaling of plasma membrane receptors func= important in= | back 35 receptor-ligand (chemical messenger) interaction cause changes in cell activities (through enzyme activation, open ion channels, etc...) binding of neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines (chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed) |
front 36 GPCR func= MAIN steps= | back 36 acts as "middleman" btwn extracell. 1st messenger and intracell 2nd messenger 1. ligand-receptor binding= G-protein activation 2. G-protein activates protein= 2nd messenger produced
3. 2nd messenger activates enzyme (usually protein kinase, which phosphorylates using P of ATP) |
front 37 HW: True of False: In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized. EXPL | back 37 True. All cells have RMP<0, therefore is polarized (polarized is then there is a difference in charge across the membrane) |
front 38 HW: Which transport process is the most common way of intaking macromolecules into the cell | back 38 receptor- mediated endocytosis |
front 39 HW: True or False: A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane. | back 39 False. at RMP: cell is polarized. |