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A&P 1 lecture- chapter 6

front 1

Skeletal tissues contain 3 cartilages

back 1

1. hyaline cartilages- provide support, flexibility, and resilience, most abundant type

2. elastic cartilages- similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fibers

3. fibrocartilages- collagen fibers- have great tensile strength

front 2

Appositional Growth

back 2

(from outside)

cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

- increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

front 3

Interstitial Growth

back 3

chondrocytes divide and secret new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.

- increases length of bones

front 4

Axial skeleton

back 4

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

front 5

Appendicular skeleton

back 5

bones of upper and lower limbs

front 6

Classifications of bones by shape

back 6

  1. Long bones- longer than they are wide (limbs bones)
  2. short bones- cube shaped (in wrist and ankle). Sesamoid bones (w/in tendons, i.e- patella)
  3. flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved
  4. irregular bones- complicated shapes

front 7

Functions of Bones

back 7

  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage- minerals (Ca2+ and phosphorus) and growth factors
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities
  6. Triglyceride (energy storage) in bone cavities

front 8

Features of bone markings

back 8

projections, depressions, and holes or openings that serve as:

  • sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • joint surfaces
  • conduits for blood vessels and nerves

front 9

Tuberosity

back 9

rounded projection

front 10

Crest

back 10

narrow, prominent ridge

front 11

Trochanter

back 11

large, blunt, irregular surface

front 12

Line

back 12

narrow ridge of bone

front 13

Tubercle

back 13

small rounded projection

front 14

Epicondyle

back 14

raised area above a condyle

front 15

Spine

back 15

sharp, slender projection

front 16

Process

back 16

any bony prominence

front 17

Projections that help to form joints

back 17

  • Head- bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
  • Facet- smooth, nearly flat articular surface
  • Condyle- rounded articular projection
  • Ramus- armlike bar

front 18

Meatus

back 18

canal-like passageway

front 19

Sinus

back 19

cavity w/in a bone

front 20

Fossa

back 20

shallow, basin-like depression

front 21

Groove

back 21

furrow

front 22

Fissure

back 22

narrow, slitlike opening

front 23

Foramen

back 23

round or oval opening through a bone

front 24

Periosteum

back 24

  • outer fibrous layer
  • inner osteogenic layer

front 25

Osteoblasts

back 25

bone-forming cells

front 26

Osteoclasts

back 26

bone-destroying cells

front 27

Osteogenic cells

back 27

stem cells

front 28

Endosteum

back 28

cover spongy bone w/in

short irregular and flat bone

contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

front 29

Red marrow cavities of adults

back 29

  • trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
  • trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones

front 30

Red marrow cavities of newborn infants

back 30

medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

front 31

lacunae

back 31

small cavities that contain osteocytes

front 32

Canaliculi

back 32

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

front 33

Volkmann's canals

back 33

at right angles to the central canal

connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

front 34

Central (Haversian) canal

back 34

contains blood vessels and nerves

front 35

Lamellae

back 35

weight-bearing; column-like matrix tubes

front 36

Trabeculae

back 36

located in spongy bone.

align along lines of stress

no osteons; contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi

front 37

Osteoid

back 37

organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

front 38

Intramembranous Ossification

back 38

  • membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane (no cartilage)
  • forms flat bones

front 39

Endochondral Ossification

back 39

  • type of ossification
  • requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

front 40

Describe intramembranous ossification process

back 40

1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted w/in firbrous membrane and calcifies

3. woven bone and periosteum form

4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

front 41

Describe Endochondral Ossification process

back 41

  1. bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage model
  2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bones begins to form
  4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
  5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

front 42

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into 4 important functional zones.

back 42

  1. proliferation (growth)- cartilage undergoes mitosis
  2. hypertonic- increasing thickness, older cartilage cells in large
  3. calcification- matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating, blood vessels invade the cavity
  4. ossification (osteogenic) new bone forms

front 43

Growth hormone stimulates...

back 43

epyphyseal plate activity

front 44

Thyroid hormone modulates...

back 44

activity of growth hormone

front 45

When does bone deposit (bone building) occur?

back 45

1. occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamin C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus magnesium; and manganese

front 46

Describe process of bone deposit (bone building)

back 46

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the

  • Osteoid seam- unmineralized band of matrix
  • calcification front- the abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and older mineralized bone

front 47

Describe bone resorption (breaking down) process

back 47

  • Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes (digestic organic matrix). Acids convert calcium salts into soluble forms
  • Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitual fluid and then blood

front 48

What controls continual remodeling of the bone?

back 48

calcium, phosphorus, mechanical and gravitational forces (body weight)

front 49

What is the importance of Calcium?

back 49

  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • muscle contraction
  • blood coagulation
  • secretion of glands and nerve cells
  • cell division

front 50

Calcium

back 50

controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • when blood calcium levels decreases
  • PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Calcium.
  • Blood calcium levels increases to normalization

Secondarily controlled by calcitonin

  • when blood calcium levels increases
  • parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin
  • osteoblasts deposit calcium salts
  • blood calcium levels decreases to normalization

front 51

Wolff's law

back 51

a bone grows and remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it.

front 52

What are the 4 stages of healing of a bone fracture?

back 52

  1. hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilages callus forms
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling

front 53

Paget's Disease

back 53

excessive and haphazard (disorganized) bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis femur or skull (not controlled)