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Ch. 28 Reproductive & Ch. 29 Development

front 1

The structure protects and regulates the temperature of the testes?

back 1

Scrotum

front 2

This structure is the site of sperm production?

back 2

Seminiferous tubules

front 3

How many seminiferous tubules are found in the lobules?

back 3

1-3

front 4

These cells may eventually become spermatozoa?

back 4

Spermatogenic cells

front 5

These cells secrete testosterone?

back 5

Leydig cells

front 6

This hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

back 6

LH

front 7

This straight tubules in the testis lead into the?

back 7

Rete testis

front 8

The function of the epididymis is?

back 8

Sperm maturation

front 9

This is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens

back 9

Ejaculatory duct

front 10

This lies posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline, fructose filled fluid?

back 10

Seminal glands

front 11

These are located inferior to the prostate on the other side of the membranous urethra within the deep muscles of the perineum?

back 11

Cowper's gland

front 12

This is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each surrounded by a fibrous tissue?

back 12

Penis

front 13

This ligament arises from the pubic symphysis in males?

back 13

Suspensory ligament

front 14

What is produced by the ovaries?

back 14

Secondary oocytes, Estrogen, and Progesterone

front 15

This attaches the ovaries and uterus to the pelvic wall?

back 15

Suspensory ligament

front 16

This is the site of fertilization?

back 16

Uterine tubes

front 17

This is the portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina?

back 17

Cervix

front 18

Anterior to the vagina and urethral opening is the?

back 18

Mons pubis

front 19

Skene's glands secrete?

back 19

Mucus

front 20

_______hormone secreted by the _______ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles?

back 20

GnRH, Hypothalamus

front 21

This hormone promotes spermatogenesis?

back 21

Testosterone

front 22

This hormone triggers ovulation?

back 22

LH

front 23

This is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

back 23

Progesterone

front 24

This is the uterine phase when the endometrium becomes more vascular?

back 24

Proliferative phase

front 25

This is the ovarian phase between the end of the menstruation and beginning of ovulation?

back 25

Preovulatory phase

front 26

Fertilization normally occurs within which structure?

back 26

Fallopian tube

front 27

This is a series of functional changes that sperm go through when they are in the female reproductive tract?

back 27

Capacitation

front 28

The fusion of the secondary oocyte and the sperm results in which developmental stage?

back 28

Zygote

front 29

This is the part of the blastocyst that promotes implantation and produces hCG?

back 29

Trophoblast

front 30

This is the portion of the endometrium that lies between the embryo and the stratum basalis?

back 30

Decidua basalis

front 31

This develops from the epiblast and carries a protective fluid?

back 31

Amnion

front 32

This will become the primary structure for exchange of material between the mother the fetus?

back 32

Chorionic villi of the placenta

front 33

Each somite may differentiate into a?

back 33

Dermatome

front 34

This is the connection between the placenta and the embryo?

back 34

Umbilical cord

front 35

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

back 35

5

front 36

This exam is performed between 14-16 weeks gestation and is used to detect genetic abnormalities?

back 36

Amniocentesis

front 37

CVS is taking cells from where?

back 37

Chorion

front 38

This hormone is secreted by non-pregnant women from secretory cells in the hypothalamus?

back 38

CRH

front 39

During pregnancy stroke volume can increase by?

back 39

30%

front 40

Labor can NOT take place until all of this hormone's effects are diminished?

back 40

Progesterone

front 41

This is the time from the onset of labor to the complete dilation of the cervix?

back 41

Stage of dilation

front 42

Involution is when?

back 42

The uterus decreases in size

front 43

In infants this connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?

back 43

Ductus venosus

front 44

This is a principle hormone that releases milk into the mammary ducts?

back 44

Oxytocin

front 45

This is a permanent change in an allele?

back 45

Mutation

front 46

When phenotype can be drastically different depending on parental origin it is called?

back 46

Genomic imprinting

front 47

An example of incomplete dominance is?

back 47

Sickle-cell disease

front 48

If one parent has type A blood and one parent has type B blood, what blood type is possible for their child?

back 48

AB, A, B, and O

front 49

If a child has B blood, and the mother has B blood, what is the possible genotype of the father?

back 49

B, O or AB

front 50

Chromosome #15 is considered what?

back 50

An autosome

front 51

A Barr body is?

back 51

An inactivated X chromosome

front 52

What is the function of gonads?

back 52

Produce gametes and produce hormones

front 53

Inward projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septa, divide the testis into?

back 53

Lobules

front 54

The reproductive system includes?

back 54

Gonads & external genitalia, Ducts that receive & transport the gametes, and Accessory glands & organs that secrete fluids

front 55

Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?

back 55

Both the Cremaster & the Dartos

front 56

The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the?

back 56

Raphe

front 57

The spermatic cord is?

back 57

A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis

front 58

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the?

back 58

Tunica albuginea

front 59

The make reproductive system is MOST closely associated with which of the following systems?

back 59

Urinary

front 60

The _______ connects the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?

back 60

Efferent ductules

front 61

Contraction of the cremaster muscles?

back 61

Pulls the testes closer to the body cavity

front 62

Contraction of the dartos muscle?

back 62

Elevates the scrotal sac

front 63

Sperm develop from stem cells called?

back 63

Spermatogonia

front 64

When spermatogonia divide, the daughter cells are called?

back 64

Spermatocytes

front 65

The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called?

back 65

Secondary spermatocytes

front 66

The process of spermiogenesis produces?

back 66

Spermatozoa

front 67

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called?

back 67

Meiosis

front 68

Secondary spermatocytes each contain?

back 68

23 duplicates of chromosomes

front 69

In a mature human spermatozoan?

back 69

The acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes

front 70

During meiosis I, maternal and paternal chromosomes fuse together during the process called ________ to form a ________.

back 70

synapsis; tetrad

front 71

How many tetrads form during synapsis?

back 71

23

front 72

Secondary spermatocytes divide to produce ________ spermatids having ________ chromosomes each.

back 72

Four; 23

front 73

Which of the following occurs after a spermatogonium completes cell division?

back 73

The daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

front 74

Interstitial cells produce?

back 74

androgen-binding protein.

front 75

Sperm production occurs in the?

back 75

seminiferous tubules.

front 76

Nurse cells?

back 76

Are found in the seminiferous tubules, Form the blood-testis barrier, and Coordinate spermatogenesis.

front 77

Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus.
1. ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis

back 77

4, 1, 3, 2

front 78

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the?

back 78

bulbo-urethral glands.

front 79

Spermatozoa are functionally matured within the?

back 79

epididymis

front 80

The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the?

back 80

prostate gland.

front 81

The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the?

back 81

epididymis.

front 82

The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the?

back 82

ductus deferens.

front 83

The organ that is posterior to the urinary bladder is (are) the?

back 83

seminal glands (seminal vesicles)

front 84

Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature spermatozoa?

back 84

in the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct

front 85

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following, except?

back 85

production of spermatozoa.

front 86

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by?

back 86

peristaltic contractions.

front 87

Contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscles result in?

back 87

ejaculation

front 88

For erection to occur?

back 88

There must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure, The sacral spinal cord must be intact, and Nitric oxide must be present.

front 89

The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the?

back 89

penis

front 90

The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the?

back 90

prepuce

front 91

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the?

back 91

corpus spongiosum

front 92

The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the?

back 92

corpora cavernosa.

front 93

Emission and ejaculation?

back 93

Occurs under sympathetic stimulation, Begins with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla, Is responsible for propelling semen into the female reproductive tract and Involves contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle

front 94

The primary role of FSH in males is to?

back 94

initiate sperm production in the testes.

front 95

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is?

back 95

LH

front 96

Testosterone is secreted by the?

back 96

interstitial cells

front 97

A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 weeks, which of the following would you expect to observe?

back 97

Increased sex drive, Decreased levels of GnRH, and Decreased levels of LH and FSH

front 98

A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will?

back 98

Be sterile

front 99

Sperm cannot fertilize an ovum unless it has been in the female reproductive tract for several hours. This enhanced ability of the sperm to fertilize the ovum is called capacitation. In vitro studies indicate that freshly ejaculated sperm can fertilize the ovum if they are first rinsed in salt solution before being introduced to the ovum. These observations suggest that?

back 99

the process of capacitation involves the removal of some inhibiting substances from the sperm.

front 100

The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, except that they?

back 100

secrete testosterone.

front 101

Interstitial cells?

back 101

Are found in the areolar tissue between the tubules, Respond to luteinizing hormone, and Produce testosterone

front 102

The broad ligament is?

back 102

an extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

front 103

The region where blood vessels enter the ovary is called the?

back 103

ovarian hilum.

front 104

Each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true, except that?

back 104

About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

front 105

The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete?

back 105

Estrogens

front 106

This is the structure that ruptures during ovulation?

back 106

Tertiary follicle

front 107

The primary follicle develops from the?

back 107

primordial follicle

front 108

Which of the following is greater?

back 108

the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth

front 109

The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the?

back 109

uterine tube.

front 110

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the?

back 110

uterus.

front 111

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the?

back 111

cervix.

front 112

The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the?

back 112

Myometrium.

front 113

Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?

back 113

infundibulum

front 114

The ________ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes.

back 114

fundus

front 115

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the?

back 115

infundibulum.

front 116

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term uterine tube?

back 116

has ciliated epithelium

front 117

The average length of the uterine cycle is?

back 117

28 days

front 118

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

back 118

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.

front 119

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term endometrium?

back 119

consists of a basilar zone and a functional zone

front 120

The termination of the uterine cycle at age 45-55 is called ________.

back 120

menopause

front 121

All of the following are true of the vagina, except that it

back 121

loses a portion of its lining during menses.

front 122

The vagina is?

back 122

a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.

front 123

The vulva includes all of the following, except the?

back 123

vagina.

front 124

The space bounded by the labia minora is the?

back 124

vestibule.

front 125

Fatty folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule are the?

back 125

labia majora.

front 126

The clitoris?

back 126

Is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males, Engorges with blood during sexual arousal, Is topped by a small erectile glans, and Contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

front 127

The ________ is the region of the vagina that surrounds the cervix.

back 127

fornix

front 128

Another term for vulva is?

back 128

female external genitalia.

front 129

The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the?

back 129

Areola

front 130

The production of milk is called?

back 130

Lactation

front 131

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

back 131

The fertilized ovum implants, Progesterone levels are high, Endometrial glands are enlarged, and The corpus luteum is formed

front 132

During the menses?

back 132

the old functional layer is sloughed off.

front 133

The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is?

back 133

the menses.

front 134

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is?

back 134

Progesterone

front 135

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of?

back 135

Progesterone

front 136

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers?

back 136

ovulation

front 137

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for?

back 137

follicle maturation.

front 138

Which is the function of the ovaries?

back 138

Secretion of hormones, Production of oocytes, Formation of immature gametes, and Secretion of inhibin

front 139

A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in?

back 139

luteinizing hormone.

front 140

After ovulation, the ovary secretes?

back 140

Both estrogen and progesterone

front 141

A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.

back 141

the secretory phase

front 142

Secondary sexual characteristics?

back 142

may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.

front 143

Follicle-stimulating hormone?

back 143

stimulates spermatogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary.

front 144

On which of the following days would the level of GnRH be highest in a female?

back 144

first day of menses

front 145

After fertilization, the first cell division is completed?

back 145

more than a day later.

front 146

During amphimixis,

back 146

the male and female pronuclei fuse.

front 147

Which of the following is not part of fertilization?

back 147

completion of Meiosis I

front 148

The individual cells produced by cleavage are called

back 148

blastomeres.

front 149

The gradual modification of anatomical structures during the period from conception to maturity is

back 149

development.

front 150

Contact of a sperm with the oocyte membrane causes

back 150

Oocyte activation, Completion of the second meiosis, Membrane fusion, and Extrusion of the second polar body

front 151

Completion of cytokinesis leads to?

back 151

A doubling of blastomere number, A division of the cytoplasm into two portions, and Interphase

front 152

Each of the following statements concerning development is true, except that?

back 152

the first trimester is when the fetus looks distinctively human.

front 153

Under the influence of the trophoblast, maternal blood vessels in the endometrium?

back 153

break down and form lacunae.

front 154

A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the?

back 154

amniotic cavity.

front 155

The process of cell division that divides the cytoplasm of the zygote among blastomeres is called?

back 155

cleavage.

front 156

Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as?

back 156

Implantation

front 157

________ are nearly identical cells that are produced by early cleavages?

back 157

Blastomeres

front 158

The solid ball of cells that has been likened to a mulberry is called a?

back 158

morula

front 159

A blastocyst is a(n)?

back 159

hollow ball of cells.

front 160

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will?

back 160

form the embryo.

front 161

During implantation, the?

back 161

syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.

front 162

Which of these statements about the trophoblast is false?

back 162

is derived from the inner cell mass

front 163

During gastrulation?

back 163

three germ layers are formed.

front 164

The region known as the primitive streak is the site of?

back 164

migration of ectodermal cells to form the mesoderm

front 165

The ectoderm forms?

back 165

neural tissues.

front 166

The mesoderm forms?

back 166

muscle.

front 167

The endoderm forms?

back 167

the urinary bladder.

front 168

The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells.

back 168

cancer

front 169

By day 12 of embryonic development, mesoderm begins to form through?

back 169

gastrulation.

front 170

The oval, three-layered sheet produced by gastrulation is called the ________.

back 170

embryonic disc

front 171

Ectoderm is to ________ as mesoderm is to ________.

back 171

nervous system; muscular system

front 172

The mesoderm and the trophoblast combine to form the

back 172

chorion.

front 173

The extraembryonic membrane that forms blood cells is the

back 173

yolk sac.

front 174

The extraembryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the?

back 174

chorion.

front 175

All of the following are true of the allantois, except that

back 175

it acts as the fetal bone marrow.

front 176

Which of these is not one of the extraembryonic membranes?

back 176

umbilical cord

front 177

Which of the following is one of the critical events of the first trimester?

back 177

Cleavage, Implantation, Placentation, and Gastrulation

front 178

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is?

back 178

Relaxin.

front 179

The placenta is a source of which of these hormones?

back 179

hCG, Relaxin, Progesterone, and Placental lactogen

front 180

If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.

back 180

corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin

front 181

The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester

back 181

First

front 182

The period of gestation that is characterized by the largest fetal weight gain and fat deposition is the ________ trimester.

back 182

Third

front 183

The period of gestation when organs and organ systems complete most of their development and the fetus looks distinctly human is the ________ trimester.

back 183

Second

front 184

Embryological and early fetal development occur in the ________ trimester.

back 184

First

front 185

All of the following occur during pregnancy, except that?

back 185

A woman's bladder capacity increases.

front 186

During gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced by the placenta.

back 186

progesterone

front 187

The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.

back 187

dilation

front 188

The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.

back 188

expulsion

front 189

Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of

back 189

oxytocin

front 190

Progesterone calms the myometrium and prevents contraction. What factors antagonize progesterone and trigger labor and delivery?

back 190

Rising estrogen levels increase sensitivity, Rising oxytocin levels lead to uterine contractions, Distortion of the myometrium, and Distortion of the cervix

front 191

The prostaglandins produced in the endometrium?

back 191

stimulate smooth muscle contractions.

front 192

The neonatal period extends?

back 192

for the first month of life.

front 193

The infancy stage of life is considered to be over at?

back 193

Age 2

front 194

All of the following occur at puberty, except that?

back 194

GnRH levels decline.

front 195

Which of these hormones is the cause of most puberty related changes in a female?

back 195

estrogen

front 196

Which of these is a puberty related change caused by increased testosterone levels?

back 196

accelerated bone deposition and skeletal growth

front 197

Non-sex chromosomes are called?

back 197

Autosomal

front 198

The alternate forms of any one gene are called?

back 198

alleles.

front 199

If an individual carries a pair of alleles that are the same, the individual is ________ for the trait.

back 199

homozygous

front 200

If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, the individual is ________ for the trait.

back 200

heterozygous

front 201

In simple autosomal inheritance, phenotypic characters are determined, or controlled, by?

back 201

a single pair of alleles.

front 202

In polygenic inheritance, phenotypic characters are?

back 202

determined by interactions among several genes.

front 203

If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their male offspring can be expected to be color blind?

back 203

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