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chapter 4

front 1

what is tissue

back 1

collections of cells and cell products that preform specific limited function

front 2

what are the four types of tissue

back 2

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

front 3

what differentiates the different types

back 3

structure and function

front 4

what is the purpose of epithelial tissue and where is it found?

back 4

covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways

front 5

what does epithelial tissue form

back 5

glands

front 6

what does connective tissue do

back 6

fill internal space
supports other tissue
transport materials
stores energy

front 7

what is the specialty of muscle tissue

back 7

contraction

front 8

what are the three types of muscle tissue

back 8

skeletal tissue
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle ( walls of hollow organs

front 9

what does neural tissue do

back 9

carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

front 10

what is epithelia

back 10

layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

front 11

what are glands

back 11

structures that produce sereations

front 12

what are characteristics of epithelia

back 12

cellularity (cell junctions)
polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
avascularity
regeneration

front 13

how does epithelia get its nutrients

back 13

it diffuses in from the basolateral

front 14

what can epithelia do faster than any other type of tissue

back 14

reproduce and regrow

front 15

are all epithelia ciliated ?

back 15

no

front 16

what are the functons of epithelial tissue

back 16

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium )

front 17

what are three specializations of epithelial cells

back 17

1. move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
2. move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
3. produce secretions (protection and messengers)

front 18

what increases absorption or secretion of apical sufaces

back 18

microvilli

front 19

what moves fluid on the apical surface

back 19

cilia

front 20

what three things help maintain the physical integrity of an epithelium

back 20

intercellular connections
attachment to the basement membrane
epithelial maintenance and repair

front 21

what are CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

back 21

transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to extracellular material

front 22

what is the intercellular cement

back 22

protoglycans

front 23

what is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

back 23

a glycosaminoglycan that bond a thin layer of proteoglycans

front 24

what are cell junctions and what are the three types

back 24

specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials. the three types:
tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes

front 25

what is a tight junctions

back 25

when lipid portion of the two plasma membrane are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. they are so tight they cant prevent passage of water and can isolate wastes in the lumen

front 26

where is an adhesion belt and what does it do

back 26

inferior to the tight junction and it forms a band that encircles cells and binds them to their neighbors. they are attached to the microfilaments of the terminal web

front 27

what are gap junctions

back 27

holds two cells together by interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons. form narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell

front 28

where are gap junctions common

back 28

among epithelial cells and other tissues

front 29

what do gap junctions do in the heart

back 29

coordinate contractions in heart muscle

front 30

what are desmosomes

back 30

here CAMs and proteoglycans link the opposing plasma membranes. they are strong and can resist stretching and twisting

front 31

describe the typical desmosome

back 31

formed by two cells, ad within each cell is a dense area which is connected to the cytoskeleton and this gives it its strength.

front 32

where are desmosomes abundant

back 32

between cells in the superficial layers of the skin (that is why damaged skin is lost in sheets)

front 33

what are the two types of desmosomes

back 33

spot desmosomes
hemidesmosomes

front 34

what are spot desmosomes

back 34

small discs connected to bans of intermediate filaments. stabilize the shape of the cell

front 35

what are the hemidesmosomes

back 35

attach a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane. helps stabilize position of epithelial cell and anchor it to underlying tissues

front 36

what are the two parts of the basement membrane

back 36

clear layer and the dense layer

front 37

describe the clear layer

back 37

closer to the epithelium, contains glycoprotiens and a network of fine protein filaments. secreted by epithelia. barrier to protein (thin)

front 38

describe the dense layer

back 38

contains bundles of coarse protein fibers produced by connective tissue cells. thick fibers , produced by connected tissue, strength and filtration

front 39

how are epithelia are replaced

back 39

by division of germinative cells (stems cells) -located near the basement membrane

front 40

how are epthelia classified

back 40

by shape and layers

front 41

what are the three shapes of epithelia

back 41

squamous
cubodial
columnar

front 42

what are the two layer types of epithelia

back 42

simple
stratified

front 43

what are the four types of squamous epithelia

back 43

-simple squamous epithelium
-mesothelium
-endothelium
stratified squamous epithelium

front 44

what does simple squamous epithelia do

back 44

absorb and diffuse

front 45

what does mesothelium do and where is it

back 45

lines body cavities and it is in the middle and does not communicate with the outside world

front 46

what is the endothelium

back 46

it lines heart and blood vessels and does not communicate with the outside world

front 47

what is stratified squamous epithelium

back 47

generally located where mechanical stresses are severe and they form several layers. they protect against attacks. keratin protein adds strength and water resistance (keratinized) . non keratinized resist abrasion but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist.

front 48

what does simple cubodial epithelia provide

back 48

limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption take place

front 49

where is stratified cubodial epithelia founded

back 49

along the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of mammary glands

front 50

what is transitional epithelia

back 50

an unusual stratified epithelium because, unlike most epithelia, it tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling without damage. the appearance changes as stretching occurs. (in urinary system)

front 51

where is simple columnar epithelium chemical stress typically found

back 51

where absorption and secretion occurs (like in the small intestine) and can protect against

front 52

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and what does it typically have?

back 52

a columnar epithelium that includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions. they nucleus are not aligned giving the appearance of being stratified but they are not. they typically have cilia (ex:trachea)

front 53

what does stratified columnar epithelia do an where?

back 53

provides protection along potions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, and urethra and a few large excretory ducts?

front 54

what do endocrine glands do

back 54

release their secretions into the interstitial fluid (no ducts)

front 55

what do exocrine glands do

back 55

release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface

front 56

what are the three modes of secretions for glandular epithelia

back 56

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

front 57

what is merocrine secretion and where is it produced? what is an example

back 57

product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis so nothing is lost. it is produced in the Golgi apparatus. an example are sweat glands

front 58

what is apocrine secretion and where is it produced? what is an example

back 58

involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product when the apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed. it is produced in the Golgi apparatus and an example are mammary glands

front 59

how are holocrine secretion released and how are they replaced? what is an example

back 59

the entire cell becomes packed with secretory products. they are released by cell bursting killing glands which are replaced my stem cells. an example is sebaceous glands

front 60

modes of glandular secreation diagram

back 60

front 61

how is mucus formed

back 61

mucin mixed with water

front 62

what are the three types of secretions

back 62

serous glands
mucous glands
mixed exocrine glands

front 63

what do serous glands secrete

back 63

watery solution that contain enzymes

front 64

what do mucous glands secrete

back 64

mucins that hydrate to form mucus

front 65

what do mixed exocrine glands contain

back 65

both serous and mucous glands

front 66

what is an unicellular gland and what is an example

back 66

one cell that secretes everything. the only example is the Mucous (goblet) cells which are scattered among epithelia. an example is in intestinal lining

front 67

what is the simplest multicellular exocrine gland

back 67

the a secretory sheet in which gland cells form an epithelium that released cretions into an inner compartment

front 68

what three things describe the structure of multicellular exocrine glands

back 68

the structure of the duct
the shape of the secretory portion of the gland
the relationship between the ducts and the glandular areas

front 69

what are the two structure types a duct can have

back 69

it can be simple if it has a single duct that does not divide on its way to the gland cell or it can be compound if the duct divides one or more times on its way to the gland cells

front 70

what are the two shapes the secretory portion of a gland can have/

back 70

they can be tubular (tube shaped) or alveolar / acinar if they form blind pockets

front 71

what are glands whose secretory cells form both tubes and pockets called

back 71

tubuoalveolar and tubuloacinar

front 72

what kind of a relationship can a duct and a glandular area have

back 72

they can be branched where several secretory areas share one duct

front 73

mulitcellular glands diagram

back 73

no data

front 74

what does connective tissues do for epithelial tissue

back 74

connect it to the rest of the body

front 75

what three basic components of connective tissue

back 75

specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
fluid extracellular ground substance

front 76

what makes up the matrix? what does the the matrix for connective tissue

back 76

the extracellular fibers and ground substance together. it makes up the majority of the volume and determines specialized functions

front 77

what are 6 functions of connective tissue

back 77

- establishing a structural framework for the body
- transporting fluid and dissolved materials
- protecting delicate organs
- supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
- storing energy reserves, esecially in the form of triglycerides

front 78

what are the three general categories of connective tissue

back 78

- connective tissue proper
- fluid connective tissue
- supporting connective tissue

front 79

what does connective tissue include and what does it do

back 79

includes connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance. it connects and protects

front 80

what does fluid connective tissue have and what does it do

back 80

distinctive populations of cells suspended in a watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins. they transport

front 81

how do supporting connective tissues differ from connective tissue proper and what do they do

back 81

because they have a less diverse ell population and a matrix containing much more densely packed fibers. they give structural support

front 82

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

back 82

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

front 83

what is loose connective tissue

back 83

packing materials of the body. they fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells in many organs and support epithelia. they have more ground substance and fewer fibers
an example is fat (adipose tissue)

front 84

what is dense connective tissue?

back 84

most of the volume occupied by fibers and often contain collagenous tissues because fibers are the dominant type f fiber in the. ( less ground substance) an example is tendons

front 85

what are the 9 connective tissue proper ell populations

back 85

fibroblast
fibrocytes
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
macrophages
mast cells
lymphocytes
microphages
melanocytes

front 86

what is the most abundant cell type and where is it found? whats it secrete? what does it help make

back 86

fibroblast
in all connective tissue proper
secrete proteins and hyaluronan
they help make ground substance gel

front 87

what is the second most abundant cell type and where is it found? whats does it do

back 87

fibrocytes
found in all c.t proper.
maintain fibers of connective tissue

front 88

what are adipocytes? where is it found?

back 88

fat cells. each cell stores a single large fat droplet. only found in loose c.t. proper

front 89

what are mesenchymal cells? where are they found and what do they differentiate into?

back 89

stem cells that respond to injury or infection. they are found in embryonic cells and stem cells so they can turn into anything. it is found in all c.t. proper. they differentiate into fibroblast and macophages

front 90

What do melanocytes do?

back 90

Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

front 91

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

back 91

Collagen, reticular, and elastic. They are all secreted by fibroblast and are specialized proteins

front 92

What is the most common fiber in connective tissue proper?

back 92

Collagen fibers

front 93

Describe collagen fibers.

back 93

Long straight and unbranched, strong and flexible, and resist force in one direction. They are thick and durable

front 94

What is an example of collagen fibers?

back 94

Tendons and ligaments

front 95

What is a network of interwoven fibers?

back 95

Reticular fibers

front 96

Describe reticular fibers.

back 96

Strong and flexible, resist force in many directions, stabilize functional cells and structures

front 97

What is an example of reticular fibers?

back 97

Sheaths around organs

front 98

Describe elastic fibers

back 98

Contain elastin, branched and wavy, and they return to original length after stretching. It is protein made by fibroblast. It is like a rubber band and it is very durable.

front 99

What is the ground substance of connective tissue?

back 99

A clear colorless and viscous thing that fills space between cells and slows pathogen movement and also protects

front 100

Is embryonic connective tissue found in adults?

back 100

No the cells are but Wharton’s jelly is not. we have the cells so we can heal when needed by we don’t have the jelly because we do not need to regenerate

front 101

What is the first connective tissue found in embryos?

back 101

Mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells)

front 102

What is the loose embryonic tissue called?

back 102

Mucous connective tissue

front 103

What is the “packing material” of the body?

back 103

Loose connective tissue

front 104

What are the three types of loose connective tissue found in adults?

back 104

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

front 105

What is the least specialized of the three loose connective tissues?

back 105

Areolar

front 106

Describe areolar c.t.:

back 106

open framework, viscous ground substance, elastic fibers, and holds blood vessels and capillary beds. They are not very complex

front 107

What is an example of areolar c.t.?

back 107

Under the skin

front 108

Describe adipose tissue.

back 108

Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)

front 109

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

back 109

White fat and brown fat.

front 110

Describe white fat.

back 110

Most common, stress fat, absorbs shocks, and slows heat loss

front 111

Describe brown fat.

back 111

More vascularized, adipocytes have many mitochondria, when stimulated by nervous system fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy. It also absorbs energy from surrounding tissues

front 112

Which of the two types of adipose tissue is primarily found in adults? Which is found in infants?

back 112

White. Brown and it has more fat cells

front 113

Adipocytes do not divide. Instead what do they do?

back 113

They expand to store fat and shrink as fats are released.

front 114

What cells can divide and differentiate and why do they do it?

back 114

Mesenchymal cells. They do it to produce more fat cells when more storage is needed

front 115

Describe reticular fibers.

back 115

They provide support, they are complex and three- dimensional networks, they have supportive fibers and reticular organs.

front 116

What do the supportive fibers (stoma) support?

back 116

Functional cells (parenchyma)

front 117

What are the reticular organs?

back 117

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

front 118

What is dense connective tissue?

back 118

Connective tissue proper that is tightly packed with high numbers of collagen elastic fibers

front 119

What are the three types of dense connective tissues?

back 119

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

front 120

Describe dense regular.

back 120

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

front 121

What are three types of dense regular connective tissues and what do they connect?

back 121

Tendons- attach muscle to bone, ligaments- connect bone to bone and stabilize organs, and aponeuroses- attach in sheets to large, flat muscle

front 122

Describe dense irregular connective tissue.

back 122

Interwoven networks of collagen fibers. They are layered in skin, around cartilage, around bones, and form capsules around some organs

front 123

What is elastic tissue made of?

back 123

Elastic fibers

front 124

What does supporting connective tissue do?

back 124

Support soft tissue and body weight

front 125

What is cartilage and what is it for? A gel-type ground substance and it is for shock absorption and protection

back 125

A gel-type ground substance and it is for shock absorption and protection