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Mastering Chemistry Chapter 34 continued

front 1

Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?
I. fibrinogen
II. hemoglobin
III. immunoglobulin

back 1

I and III only

front 2

The plasma proteins in humans

back 2

maintain the blood's osmotic pressure

front 3

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

back 3

erythropoietin

front 4

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

back 4

fibrin

front 5

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

back 5

a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood

front 6

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is

back 6

40 mm Hg

front 7

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

back 7

a decrease in its oxygen content

front 8

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

back 8

nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment

front 9

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

back 9

alveoli

front 10

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

back 10

water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume

front 11

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

back 11

the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.

front 12

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

back 12

diffusion

front 13

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

back 13

across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes

front 14

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

back 14

blocks the openings into the tracheal system

front 15

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is

back 15

160 mm Hg

front 16

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

back 16

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

front 17

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

back 17

182 mm Hg

front 18

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is

back 18

160.0 mm Hg

front 19

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

back 19

80 mm Hg

front 20

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

back 20

the medulla oblongata and the pons

front 21

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

back 21

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

front 22

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

back 22

a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

front 23

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

back 23

carbon dioxide

front 24

Breathing is usually regulated by

back 24

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors

front 25

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect their pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

back 25

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

front 26

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

back 26

five membranes–in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell–to bind with hemoglobin.

front 27

An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes

back 27

an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules

front 28

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

back 28

myoglobin

front 29

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

back 29

both transport oxygen

front 30

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

back 30

pH

front 31

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

back 31

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

front 32

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

back 32

hemoglobin

front 33

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

back 33

hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron

front 34

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

back 34

a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

front 35

The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is

back 35

swallowing