front 1 Which is NOT a major function of the kidney? | back 1 Regulation of blood cell size |
front 2 This is the formation of a new glucose molecule? | back 2 Gluconeogenesis |
front 3 Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys? | back 3 Urea |
front 4 This is smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter? | back 4 Renal capsule |
front 5 The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramid is called the? | back 5 Renal columns |
front 6 Which is the correct order of blood flow? | back 6 1) Interlobular arteries, 2) Arcuate arteries, 3) Glomerular capillaries, and 4) Arcuate veins |
front 7 Which is the correct order of filtrate flow? | back 7 1) Glomerular capsule, 2) Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT), 3) Loop of Henle, 4) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 5) Collecting duct |
front 8 Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances? | back 8 Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 9 This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood? | back 9 Glomerular capsule |
front 10 This term means entry of substances into the body from the filtrate? | back 10 Reabsorption |
front 11 This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate? | back 11 Secretion |
front 12 This layer of filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a glycoprotein matrix? | back 12 Basal lamina |
front 13 This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles? | back 13 Myogenic mechanism |
front 14 This is when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane then across the cytosol into the interstitial fluid? | back 14 Transcellular reabsorption |
front 15 Once fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule it? | back 15 Is called tubular fluid |
front 16 The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water? | back 16 65% |
front 17 Which of the following is a way angiotensin II affects the kidneys? | back 17 It increases GFR |
front 18 Urea recycling can cause a build up of urea in the? | back 18 Renal medulla |
front 19 Increased secretion of Hydrogen ions would result in a _______of blood ________? | back 19 Decreases; pH |
front 20 Increased secretion of Aldosterone would result in a ________ of blood ________? | back 20 Increases; Sodium |
front 21 The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to? | back 21 Water |
front 22 An analysis of the physical, chemical and microscopic properties of urine is called? | back 22 Urinalysis |
front 23 Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine? | back 23 95% |
front 24 This is a test to measure kidney function? | back 24 Plasma creatinine |
front 25 This transports urine from the kidney to the bladder? | back 25 Ureter |
front 26 This layer of the ureter is composed of connective tissue, elastic and collagen fibers? | back 26 Lamina propria |
front 27 This lies in the anterior cornea of the trigone of the bladder? | back 27 Internal urethral orifice |
front 28 Ho much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid? | back 28 2/3 |
front 29 80% of the extracellular fluid is? | back 29 Interstitial fluid |
front 30 This is the largest single component of the human body? | back 30 Water |
front 31 This is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration? | back 31 Metabolic water |
front 32 This occurs when water loss is greater than water gain? | back 32 Dehydration |
front 33 The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT cause which of the following? | back 33 Increased vasoconstriction |
front 34 This is the main factor that determines body fluid volume? | back 34 Urinary salt loss |
front 35 Which of the following is used to promote Na reabsorption by the kidneys? | back 35 Aldosterone |
front 36 Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys? | back 36 Antidiuretic hormone |
front 37 A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in? | back 37 Increased Calcium reabsorption |
front 38 The major hormone that regulates water loss is? | back 38 ADH |
front 39 Water intoxication results from? | back 39 Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids |
front 40 Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body? | back 40 Controlling osmosis between compartments, Maintaining acid-base balance, Carry electrical currents, and serve as cofactors |
front 41 In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is? | back 41 Na+ |
front 42 In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is? | back 42 Cl- |
front 43 In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is? | back 43 K+ |
front 44 In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is? | back 44 (HPO4)-2 |
front 45 The Na+ level in blood is controlled by? | back 45 Aldosterone |
front 46 This occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases? | back 46 Chloride shift |
front 47 This is the most abundant mineral in the body? | back 47 Calcium |
front 48 PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are? | back 48 The main regulators of calcium in the blood |
front 49 Most of the phosphate in a body is present as? | back 49 Calcium phosphate salt |
front 50 Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys are all? | back 50 Ways to eliminate H+ from the body? |
front 51 Metabolic reactions can produce? | back 51 Nonvolatice acids |
front 52 This is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35? | back 52 Acidosis |
front 53 In partial compensation? | back 53 Systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35 |
front 54 Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause? | back 54 Blood pH to drop |
front 55 This imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3 levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)? | back 55 Metabolic acidosis |
front 56 This imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values? | back 56 Respiratory acidosis |
front 57 This is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis? | back 57 Vomiting |
front 58 The rate of fluid intake and outtake is how much higher in an infant than in an adult? | back 58 7 times higher |
front 59 The breathing rate of an infant causes? | back 59 Greater water loss from the lungs |
front 60 Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? | back 60 Excretes excess albumin molecules |
front 61 Urine is eliminated through the? | back 61 Urethra |
front 62 Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by? | back 62 The ureters |
front 63 Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the? | back 63 Rectum |
front 64 All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are? | back 64 Located partly within the pelvic cavity |
front 65 The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the? | back 65 Hilum |
front 66 Which of the following is NOT an important function of the kidney? | back 66 Excretion of excess albumen |
front 67 Functions of the urinary system include? | back 67 Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, Regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions, Helping to stabilize blood pH, and Conservation of valuable nutrients |
front 68 The left kidney lies ______ to the right kidney? | back 68 Slightly superior |
front 69 The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by? | back 69 The overlying peritoneum, Contact with adjacent visceral organs, and Supporting connective tissues |
front 70 Typical renal blood flow is about ______ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions? | back 70 25 |
front 71 The renal sinus is? | back 71 An internal cavity lined by fibrous capsule |
front 72 The outermost layer of the kidney is the? | back 72 Fibrous capsule |
front 73 The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the? | back 73 Renal pelvis |
front 74 Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called? | back 74 Pyramids |
front 75 Renal columns are? | back 75 Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex |
front 76 The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the? | back 76 Renal pelvis |
front 77 Major calyces are? | back 77 Large tributaries of the renal pelvis |
front 78 Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? | back 78 Tip of the medullary pyramid |
front 79 Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? | back 79 Final urine enters here |
front 80 The majority of glomeruli are located in the ______ of the kidney? | back 80 Cortex |
front 81 Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? | back 81 Collecting ducts |
front 82 Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the? | back 82 Renal corpuscle |
front 83 A glomerulus is? | back 83 A knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle |
front 84 The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the? | back 84 Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 85 The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the? | back 85 Distal convoluted tubule |
front 86 The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the? | back 86 Nephron loop ( Loop of Henle) |
front 87 The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is? | back 87 Reabsorbing nutrients |
front 88 The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of? | back 88 Capillaries |
front 89 The ______ delivers urine to minor calyx? | back 89 Papillary duct |
front 90 The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the _____ capillaries? | back 90 Peritubular |
front 91 Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the? | back 91 Efferent arteriole |
front 92 The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the
kidney. The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is? | back 92 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. |
front 93 Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except? | back 93 Proteins |
front 94 Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include? | back 94 Hydrogen, Penicillin, Creatinine, and Potassium ions |
front 95 The process of filtration occurs at? | back 95 The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
front 96 Approximately ________liters of glomerular filtrate enters glomerular capsules each day? | back 96 180 |
front 97 The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers? | back 97 Endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. |
front 98 The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the? | back 98 Glomerulus |
front 99 Substances larger than ______ do NOT pass through the filtration membrane? | back 99 Albumin |
front 100 The process of filtration is driven by? | back 100 Blood hydrostatic pressure |
front 101 Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? | back 101 Glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 102 Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties? | back 102 Depends on changes in the afferent arteriole, Depends on changes in the mesangial cells, and Depends on changes in the efferent arteriole |
front 103 One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to? | back 103 Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex |
front 104 Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following, except? | back 104 Increase the glomerular filtration rate |
front 105 As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? | back 105 99% |
front 106 Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except? | back 106 Stem cell movements |
front 107 What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, ect.) are reabsorbed in the PCT? | back 107 25% |
front 108 Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by process of? | back 108 Countertransport |
front 109 In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce? | back 109 Urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions |
front 110 Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by? | back 110 Cotransport with Na ions |
front 111 Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? | back 111 Relies on countercurrent multiplication, Creates high interstitial; NaCl concentration in the renal medulla, and Enables production of hypertonic urine |
front 112 When the level of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) decreases? | back 112 More urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decrease |
front 113 The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the function of? | back 113 Both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (Loop of Henle) |
front 114 Antidiuretic hormone? | back 114 Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water |
front 115 The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves? | back 115 The secretion of ADH, Aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells, A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts, and A properly functioning nephron loop |
front 116 A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is maybe due to? | back 116 Absence of ADH |
front 117 _______ is an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual services the incident, full recovery is often possible? | back 117 Acute renal failure |
front 118 An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is? | back 118 Renal failure |
front 119 Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? | back 119 Chronic renal failure |
front 120 Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? | back 120 Collecting duct, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra |
front 121 The ureter and urinary bladder are lined by _____ epithelium? | back 121 Transitional |
front 122 The detrusor muscle? | back 122 Compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra |
front 123 During the micturition reflex? | back 123 Stimulation of stretch receptions in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord |
front 124 The condition called _______, is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes? | back 124 Dysuria |
front 125 Intracellular fluid (ICE) is found only within? | back 125 The cells of the body |
front 126 The extracellular fluid (ECE) consists of the? | back 126 Plasma and lymph, Interstitial fluid, and Cerebrospinal fluid |
front 127 In an adult male, the body consists of about ______ percent water? | back 127 60% |
front 128 About two-thirds of the body fluids is within cells and is termed _____ fluid? | back 128 Intracellular |
front 129 When pure water is consumed? | back 129 Osmolarities of the two fluids compartment fall |
front 130 In an adult female, the body consists of about _____ percent water? | back 130 50% |
front 131 When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained? | back 131 Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF |
front 132 A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ______ from his body? | back 132 Water, Sodium ions, Hydrogen ions, and Bicarbonate ions |
front 133 Consuming a meal high is salt will? | back 133 Result in a temporary increase in blood volume |
front 134 To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance NOT have in order to be effective? | back 134 Permeable to brain plasma membranes |
front 135 The principal cations in cytoplasm is? | back 135 Potassium |
front 136 Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? | back 136 Copper |
front 137 The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are? | back 137 Sodium and Chloride |
front 138 Antidiuretic hormone? | back 138 Is secreted by the pituitary, Stimulates water intake, Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys |
front 139 Aldosterone? | back 139 Is secreted in response to decreased blood volume, Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys, and Helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure |
front 140 Which of the following will stimulate thirst? | back 140 Drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx, Angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus, an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus |
front 141 Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? | back 141 ADH |
front 142 Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? | back 142 Aldosterone |
front 143 Which hormone is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? | back 143 Natriuretic peptides |
front 144 Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? | back 144 ADH |
front 145 The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of? | back 145 Sodium ions |
front 146 Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by? | back 146 Stimulating thirst, Causing deceased urinary water loss, and Causing increase Na+ retention |
front 147 The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to? | back 147 Both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions |
front 148 The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by? | back 148 Aldosterone |
front 149 Secretion of potassium into the urine is? | back 149 Increased by aldosterone, Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts, and Reduced when the exchange pump binds H+ |
front 150 A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called? | back 150 Buffer |
front 151 The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to? | back 151 Limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids |
front 152 Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by? | back 152 The kidneys |
front 153 When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the? | back 153 Kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions |
front 154 Prolonged vomiting can result in? | back 154 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 155 A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop? | back 155 Metabolic acidosis |
front 156 A person who consumes large amount of sodium bicarbonate (Baking Soda) to settle an upset stomach risks? | back 156 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 157 Severe kidney damage (such as, glomerulonephritis) often leads to? | back 157 Metabolic acidosis |
front 158 Which of the following description best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? | back 158 Consequence of prolonged vomiting |
front 159 Hypoventilation leads to? | back 159 Respiratory acidosis |
front 160 In response to respiratory alkalosis, the? | back 160 Kidneys retain more hydrogen ions |
front 161 A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of? | back 161 Chronic respiratory acidosis |
front 162 A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for? | back 162 Respiratory alkalosis |
front 163 Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? | back 163 Consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema |
front 164 Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? | back 164 Consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness |