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43 notecards = 11 pages (4 cards per page)

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Anatomy & physiology: Muscular & Nervous systems

front 1

Muscular System

back 1

Muscular System

front 2

How do muscles produce movement?

back 2

By contracting in response to nervous stimulation

front 3

True/False
Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS within the muscle cell or fiber.

back 3

~TRUE~

front 4

True/False
Each muscle cell is made up of MYOFIBRILS,which in turn are made up of still smaller units called SARCOMERES.

back 4

~TRUE~

front 5

What must be present in order for a muscle cell to contract?

back 5

Calcium & Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

front 6

What causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

back 6

Nervous stimulation from the motor neuron.

front 7

__1_ ions attach to inhibitory _2__ on the _3__ _4__ within the cell, moving them aside so that _5__-__5_ can form between _6__ and _7__ _8__. Using energy supplied by _9__, the _10__ slide together to produce _11__.

back 7

1. Calcium 9. ATP
2. Proteins 10. Filaments
3. Actin 11. Contraction
4. Filaments
5. Cross bridges
6. Actin
7. Myosin
8. Filaments

front 8

Skeletal muscle which make up the muscular system, are also called

back 8

Voluntary muscles- because they are under conscious control.

front 9

True/False
Skeletal muscles work in pairs

back 9

~TRUE~

front 10

The muscle that executes a given movement is the _1__, whereas the muscle that produces the opposite movement is the _2__. Other muscles known as _3__ may work in cooperation w/the prime mover.

back 10

1. Prime mover
2. Antagonist
3. Synergist

front 11

True/False
Muscles can be classified according to the movements they elicit.

back 11

~True~

front 12

There are flexors & extensors.
Flexors-

Extensors-

back 12

reduce the angle at the joint.

increase the angle.

front 13

Abductors

back 13

Draw a limb away from the midline (or body)

front 14

Adductors

back 14

Return the limb back toward the body (adding to the body).

front 15

Diagram of the major contour muscles of the body. Study the names,notice their name is related to location & functions.

back 15

front 16

NERVOUS SYSTEM

back 16

NERVOUS SYSTEM

front 17

The Nervous system consists essentially of the

back 17

BRAIN, SPINAL CORD & THE NERVES

front 18

The Nervous system is broken into 2 categories the

back 18

CNS & the PNS
Central nervous system & Peripheral nervous system

front 19

CNS consists of

back 19

Brain & spinal cord

front 20

PNS consists of

back 20

all the nerves & their branches that transmit information to & from the CNS.

front 21

The Nervous system enables us to

back 21

perceive many of the changes that take place in our external & internal environments & to respond to those changes (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling & touching are examples of perception).

front 22

The Nervous system also enables us to

back 22

think, reason, remember & carry out other abstract activities.

front 23

The Nervous system makes possible body movements by

back 23

skeletal muscles, by supplying them w/nerve impulses that cause contraction.

front 24

The Nervous system works closely with the

back 24

endocrine glands, correlating & intergrating body functions such as digestion & reproduction.

front 25

True/False
All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over neurons, or nerve cells, the functional units of the nervous system.

back 25

~TRUE~

front 26

What is the functional unit of the Nervous system?

back 26

Neuron (nerve cell).

front 27

The main parts of a neuron are the

back 27

cell body, axon & dendrites.

front 28

Dendrites transmit the impulse ___ the cell body.

back 28

Towards

The word dendrites have the letter "T" in it, *think of "T for to" like to the cell body."

front 29

Axons transmit the impulse ___ from the cell body.

back 29

Away
*think of "A- A for Away from the cell body."

front 30

Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ___ the CNS.

back 30

Toward

front 31

Motor (efferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ___ from the CNS, toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs.

back 31

Away

front 32

Motor (efferent neurons) transmit nerve impulses AWAY from the CNs towards

back 32

effector organs such as the muscles, glands & digestive organs.

front 33

The major parts of the brain are the

back 33

Cerebrum
* associated w/movement & sensory input
Cerebellum
* responsible for muscular coordination, including balance.
Medulla oblongata
* Controls many vital funcitons such as respiration & heart rate.

front 34

Cerebrum is associated with

back 34

movement & sensory input

front 35

Cerebellum is responsible for

back 35

muscular coordination, including balance.

front 36

Medulla oblongata

back 36

Controls many vital funcitons such as respiration & heart rate.

front 37

How long is the spinal cord?

back 37

Approximately 18 inches long.

front 38

True/False
The spinal cord extends from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae (L1 or L2).

back 38

~True~

front 39

How many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

back 39

31

front 40

Simple (spinal) reflexes are those in which nerve impulses travel through the

back 40

spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.

front 41

Hesi Hint

Most reflex pathways involve impulses traveling

back 41

to & from the brain in ascending & descending tracts of the spinal cord.

front 42

Hesi Hint

Sensory impulses enter the _1__ of the spinal cord, & motor impulses leave through the _2__ of the spinal cord.

back 42

1. Dorsal horns

2. Ventral horns

front 43

Thank you for viewing my notecards, I hope you find them helpful. I've added more photos, diagrams & visual aids than the book (hesi study guide) has to offer, hope they help. :-)

back 43

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