front 1 In cold conditions, how does blood flow change to restrict heat loss? | back 1 Heat transfer from warm blood in arteries warms cooler venous blood |
front 2 What is the electron transport system's role in the generation of ATP? | back 2 It creates a steep concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
front 3 Why are effects of diet more profound and immediate in infants compared with adults? | back 3 Infants' energy sources and mineral reserves are smaller |
front 4 Which of the following is not one of the processes essential to stabilizing body fluid volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF? | back 4 Hormone balance |
front 5 Which vitamins is your body capable of synthesizing? | back 5 Vitamins D and K |
front 6 If the osmotic concentration of ECF increases, which of the following happens? | back 6 Water moves from cells into ECF |
front 7 What effect would being in the desert without water for a day have on plasma osmotic concentration? | back 7 Increase of osmotic concentration |
front 8 What effect does drinking a pitcher of distilled water have on ADH secretion? | back 8 Secretion of ADH decreases |
front 9 Mr. Proctor has high blood pressure. As his physician, why do you counsel him to limit his intake of sodium? | back 9 Sodium causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure, and decreased ADH secretion |
front 10 Which is more dangerous, disturbance of sodium balance or disturbances of potassium balance? | back 10 Disturbances of potassium balance |
front 11 What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia? | back 11 hyperparathyriodism |
front 12 Why do homeostatic mechanisms that adjust composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, rather than ICF? | back 12 A change in one ECF component rapidly affects all body cells |
front 13 Which hormone affecting fluid and electrolyte balance is responsible for determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT? | back 13 Aldosterone |
front 14 Which of the following is true concerning metabolic generation of water? | back 14 Breaking down 1g of lipid generates more water than breaking down 1g of carbohydrate |
front 15 Which of the following characteristics distinguished a strong acid from a weak acid? | back 15 Strong acids dissociate completely in solution |
front 16 Which of the following is not one of the three major buffer systems? | back 16 Potassium buffer system |
front 17 What is the effect of acidosis on the circulatory system? | back 17 Peripheral vasodilation and drop in BP |
front 18 Mrs. Adams has diabetes mellitus, but rarely eats her "diabetic friendly" meals. What condition may result from her poor eating behavior? | back 18 Ketoacidosis |
front 19 Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis while diarrhea produces metabolic acidosis? | back 19 diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF/vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF |
front 20 What change in an elderly person's body contributes to poor acid-base balance? | back 20 Reduction in GFR and reduction in number of functional nephrons |
front 21 What factor contributes to the relatively higher water content of adult males compared to adult females? | back 21 Males have higher average muscle mass |
front 22 Why does the amount of urea in blood increase during the post-absorptive state? | back 22 protein digestion creates urea |
front 23 in which region(s) of the digestive tract does mechanical processing occur? | back 23 all of the above |
front 24 Which disorder increase the rate at which fluids move into the peritoneal cavity? What condition results from the excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity? | back 24 Liver disease/ascites |
front 25 What is the importance of the mesenteries? | back 25 All of the above are correct |
front 26 The four major layers of the GI tract are ____. | back 26 Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
front 27 Where are the motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions of the GI tract located? | back 27 In the myenteric plexus |
front 28 What process in the liver increases after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal? | back 28 glycogenesis |
front 29 Wayne's cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to overstretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP? | back 29 ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone |
front 30 What consequence(s) is/are the result of a dietary deficiency of one or more essential amino acids? | back 30 A and C are correct |
front 31 If a cell accumulates more acetyl-CoA than it can metabolize by way of the TCA cycle, which of the following products will form? | back 31 Ketone bodies |
front 32 Why does prolonged sweating increase plasma sodium ion levels? | back 32 Sweating causes a greater loss of water than sodium |
front 33 Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? Why? | back 33 Stratified squamous epithelium/area id subject to abrasion |
front 34 Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a "last ditch" source of energy? | back 34 All of the above |
front 35 The parotid glands secrete ____, which contain large amounts of ___. | back 35 Serous secretions/salivary amylase |
front 36 Your molars are most useful for ___. | back 36 crushing and grinding a tough pizza crust |
front 37 Where in the human body is the fauces? | back 37 between the oral cavity and the pharynx |
front 38 How do the roles of pepsinogen and HCl interact in the stomach? | back 38 HCl is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin |
front 39 When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerve serving the stomach are sometimes surgically severed. Why? | back 39 the vagus nerve stimulated gastric secretions |
front 40 Which of the following is/are true of the hemoglobin buffer system? | back 40 A and B are correct |
front 41 What effect does a decrease in the pH of body fluids have on respiratory rate? | back 41 Respiratory rate increases |
front 42 During an asthma attack, Kristen's bronchioles constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which of the following scenarios will result? | back 42 Increased breathing rate, decreased plasma pH and hypercapnia |
front 43 How does a prolonged fast affect the body's pH? | back 43 pH decreased after a fast |
front 44 What is the primary source of flatus emitted from the intestines? | back 44 Indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria |
front 45 Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP? | back 45 it produces more than 90% of ATP used by the body cells |
front 46 NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? | back 46 Different intermediaries |
front 47 How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria? | back 47 ATP production decreases |
front 48 What is the process of gluconeogenesis? | back 48 the formation of glucose from precursors such as lactic acid |
front 49 Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial? | back 49 they reduce fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream |
front 50 Which structures comprise a heptic triad? | back 50 Branches of the heptic portal vein and heptic artery, and a branch of the bile duct |
front 51 How do most chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system? | back 51 through lacteals |
front 52 How does taking fat-soluble vitamins on an empty stomach affect the absorption of those vitamins? | back 52 The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids |
front 53 Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? | back 53 diarrhea causes rapid water and electrolyte loss |
front 54 Why do athletes in training try to maintain a positive nitrogen balance? | back 54 The actively synthesize N compounds, so must absorb more than they secrete |
front 55 Which age-related changes in the digestive system are the results of decreased smooth muscle tone? | back 55 A and C are correct |
front 56 Examples of catabolism include all of the following except ___. | back 56 Synthesis of new organic molecules |
front 57 how do the regional specializations of the small intestine change along its length? | back 57 All of the above are correct |
front 58 What effect(s) does the secretion of CCK have on a fatty meal's entrance to the duodenum? | back 58 inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying |
front 59 What effect does secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum have on the pancreas? | back 59 It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum |
front 60 Why is lipid digestion more impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas than is carbohydrate or protein digestion? | back 60 All of the above |
front 61 What is the primary role of the TCA cycle in the production of ATP? | back 61 transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes |
front 62 What characteristic of lipoproteins allows them to be made water-soluble? | back 62 they have superficial coating of phospholipids and proteins |
front 63 Why are LDLs considered "bad cholesterol"? | back 63 B and C are correct |
front 64 What happens during the process of trasamination? | back 64 A keto acid is converted into an amino acid that can leave the mitochondria |
front 65 Why does a diet that is deficient in pyidoxine (vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism? | back 65 The first step in amino acid catabolism requires a coenzyme derivative of B6 |
front 66 Why does hypervitaminosis more commonly involve fat-soluble vitamins? | back 66 Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body lipids |
front 67 What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? | back 67 it contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length |
front 68 Which of the following are the primary ions present in ECF? | back 68 Na+, Cl-, HCO3- |
front 69 how does a decrease in the amount of bile salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A in the body? | back 69 It would decrease vitamin A |
front 70 Why is the catabolism of dietary carbohydrates and proteins considered "not as productive" as catabolism of lipids? | back 70 Lipids release almost twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates |