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56 notecards = 14 pages (4 cards per page)

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Anatomy & Physiology: General Terminology, Histology, Mitosis & Meiosis, Membranes, Glands & Cartilage"

front 1

Body Planes are

back 1

imaginary lines used for reference; they include the:
1- Median plane
2- Coronal plane
3-Transverse plane

front 2

A cut along the Median plane is a

back 2

-Sagittal section-
* Cutting the body into left & right sections.

front 3

A cut along the coronal plane is a

back 3

-Frontal section-
*Slicing the body down the middle into two, giving you a front half (anterior) & a back half (posterior).

front 4

A cut through the transverse plane is a

back 4

-Cross section-
*Slicing the body in half,giving you a top half (superior) & a bottom half (inferior).

front 5

Anatomical Position

back 5

The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high & the palms of the hands are facing forward.

front 6

Visual of Body planes untitled
* HINT, HINT test yourself w/this notecard*
Answer is on next notecard. :-)

back 6

front 7

Visual of the body planes titled

back 7

front 8

~IMPORTANT TERMS OF DIRECTION~
1. Superior-
2. Inferior-
3. Anterior-
4. Posterior-
5. Medial-
6. Lateral-
7. Proximal / Distal

back 8

1. Superior- ABOVE
2. Inferior- BELOW
3. Anterior- FACING FORWARD
4. Posterior- TOWARD THE BACK
5. Medial- TOWARD THE MIDLINE (middle of body)
6. Lateral-AWAY FROM MIDLINE (toward sides of body)
7. Proximal / Distal- PROXIMAL & DISTAL ARE TERMS OF DIRECTION USUALLY IN REFERENCE TO LIMBS. PROXIMAL MEANS CLOSER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT. DISTAL MEANS FURTHER AWAY FROM POINT OF ATTACHMENT

front 9

Dorsal cavity

back 9

Includes the cranial & spinal cavities

front 10

Ventral cavity

back 10

Includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities.

front 11

HISTOLOGY SECTION

back 11

HISTOLOGY SECTION

front 12

Histology is the study of

back 12

tissues

front 13

A tissue is a

back 13

group of cells that act together to perform specific functions

front 14

The 4 fundamental tissues are

back 14

Epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve tissues.

front 15

Epithelial cells

back 15

cover, line & protect the body & its internal organs.

front 16

Connective tissue

back 16

is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs

front 17

Nerve tissue

back 17

is composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia

front 18

Muscle tissues

back 18

have the ability to contract (shorten). Muscle tissue is classified as VOLUNTARY MUSCLE (skeletal muscles) or INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE (smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue).

front 19

Voluntary muscle

back 19

Skeletal muscle

front 20

Involuntary muscle

back 20

Smooth muscle & cardiac muscle

front 21

The cell is

back 21

the basic unit of life & the building block of tissues & organs.

front 22

The nucleus contains

back 22

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribosomes

front 23

DNA & Ribosomes are especially important for

back 23

the synthesis of proteins

front 24

Proteins include

back 24

the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body.

front 25

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

back 25

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

front 26

Mitosis

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is necessary for growth & repair. * In this process the DNA is duplicated & distributed evenly to 2 daughter cells.

front 27

Meiosis

back 27

is special cell division that takes place in the gonads, that is, the ovaries & testes.

front 28

In the process of meiosis the chromosome number is REDUCED from

back 28

46 to 23, so when the egg & the sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes.

front 29

MEMBRANES, GLANDS AND CARTILAGE

back 29

MEMBRANES, GLANDS AND CARTILAGE

front 30

The four Principal kinds of membranes are

back 30

Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous

front 31

Mucous membranes (mucosa) line the

back 31

insides of hol­low organs that open to the out­side. (Mouth, rec­tum, repro­duc­tive, urinary)

front 32

Serous membranes (or serosa)line body

back 32

cavities closed to the exterior (heart, lungs, etc);is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells, which secrete serous fluid. *They secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement.

front 33

_________ is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells, which secrete serous fluid.

back 33

Serous membranes (serosa)

front 34

Serous membranes secrete a _____a_____ which reduces _____b_______ from muscle movement.

back 34

a. lubricating fluid b. friction

front 35

Which membrane is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells, which secrete serous fluid?

back 35

Serous membranes

front 36

Synovial membranes

back 36

are the connective tissue membrane that lines the cavity of a synovial joint and produces the synovial fluid; it lines all internal surfaces of the cavity except for the articular cartilage of the bones.

front 37

Synovial membranes line

back 37

all internal surfaces of the cavity except for the articular cartilage of bones.

front 38

What membrane lines all internal surfaces of the cavity EXCEPT for articular cartilage of bones?

back 38

Synovial membranes

front 39

Cutaneous membrane

back 39

is the skin-Integu­men­tary sys­tem. We have the epi­der­mis which is the outer epithe­lium tis­sue and der­mis is the con­nec­tive tissue.

front 40

Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous membranes are composed of

back 40

mainly epithelial tissue.

front 41

The three types of glands include

back 41

sudoriferous, sebaceous & ceruminous

front 42

Sudoriferous glands

back 42

are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue). They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.

front 43

Which glands are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin?

back 43

Sudoriferous glands

front 44

Which glands are in the subcutaneous tissue?

back 44

Sudoriferous glands

front 45

Which glands discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin?

back 45

Sudoriferous glands

front 46

Sebaceous glands are

back 46

a small gland in the skin (usually attached to hair follicles) which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair.

front 47

Which glands are known to usually be attached to hair folliclies?

back 47

Sebaceous glands

front 48

Which gland secretes sebum?

back 48

Sebaceous glands

front 49

What is the purpose of sebum?

back 49

lubricate the skin & hair

front 50

Ceruminous glands

back 50

A specialized gland that secretes cerumen into the external auditory canal; it's one of a number of tiny structures in the external ear canal, believed to be modified sweat glands. They secrete a waxy cerumen instead of watery sweat.

front 51

Which gland is a specialized gland that secretes cerumen into the external auditory canal?

back 51

Ceruminous glands

front 52

The __________ is one of the number of tiny structures in the external ear canal.

back 52

Ceruminous gland

front 53

Which gland is believed to be a modified sweat gland, that secretes a waxy cerumen instead of a watery sweat?

back 53

Ceruminous gland

front 54

Cartilage is replaced by

back 54

bone in the embryonic development

front 55

Cartilage is found mainly in

back 55

joints, the thorax & various rigid tubes.

front 56

Visual of Hyline cartilage (most abundant cartilage in our body).

back 56