front 1 Transfers concentrated electrical current into another medium (e.g., electrical current transformed into thermal energy) | back 1 active electrode |
front 2 Refers to the 16th- century philosopher René Descartes, who invented coordinate geometry; also called rectangular coordinate geometry | back 2 Cartesian coordinate geometry |
front 3 What shows applications or documents that are open or running, and provides ability to switch between applications or documents, and keep multiple applications or documents open on desktop | back 3 Taskbar |
front 4 What is a term that means creating a document | back 4 Word processing |
front 5 The number of ways in which a robotic manipulator moves | back 5 degrees of freedom |
front 6 The negatively charged particles circling the nucleus of an atom | back 6 electrons |
front 7 The outermost electrons in the atom’s orbit that can most easily be attracted away from the nucleus | back 7 free electrons |
front 8 A pad that is placed on a patient to complete the pathway for the electrical current back to the electrosurgical unit; also called the dispersive electrode | back 8 grounding pad |
front 9 The weight supported or force imposed | back 9 load |
front 10 The property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field | back 10 mass |
front 11 Subatomic particles equal in mass to protons but without an electrical charge | back 11 neutrons |
front 12 New term that replaces dispersive (inactive) electrode; also called a grounding pad | back 12 patient return electrode |
front 13 (1) Liquid portion of body fluid; (2) an ionized gas made primarily of free electrons and having a neutral charge | back 13 plasma |
front 14 What shows applications or documents that are open or running and provides ability to switch between applications or documents, and keep multiple applications or documents open on desktop | back 14 Taskbar |
front 15 What can you access through the control panel or "preference planes on a mac" | back 15 Changing the desktop |
front 16 Buttons let user ......... a window or document. The item is restored by clicking its icon at the bottom of the screen | back 16 minimize/reduce |
front 17 What is a device used to open or close a circuit, thereby controlling the flow of electricity | back 17 switch |
front 18 An elemental particle with a positive charge equal to the negative charge of the electron | back 18 protons |
front 19 What is equals to or holds 1 character | back 19 Byte |
front 20 What is 1024 bytes | back 20 Kilobye |
front 21 What is 1024 kilobytes | back 21 Megabyte (MB) |
front 22 What is 1024 megabytes | back 22 Gigabyte (GB) |
front 23 What is 1024 gigabytes | back 23 Terabyte (TB) |
front 24 Who has mandated that health care facilities use an electronic medical record (EMR) system | back 24 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) |
front 25 The principles that govern the behavior of tiny particles known as electrons are called the .........., which helps to explain electricity and serves as the basis for design of all electrical equipment | back 25 electron theory |
front 26 What is an elemental particle with a POSITIVEcharge equal to the negative charge of the electron | back 26 protons |
front 27 What is the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field | back 27 mass |
front 28 What are negatively charged particles circling the nucleus of an atom | back 28 electrons |
front 29 What is called anything that has mass and occupies space | back 29 Matter |
front 30 All matter consists of
| back 30 atoms |
front 31 What are subatomic particles that are neutral | back 31 neutrons |
front 32 The center of the atom is called the | back 32 nucleus |
front 33 What are negatively charged particles that travel in concentric paths or orbits AROUND the nucleus. | back 33 Electrons |
front 34 What term describes the free electrons moving or flowing from the ring of one atom to another. | back 34 electricity |
front 35 Materials that allow the flow of free electrons are called | back 35 conductors |
front 36 What is the most commonly used conductor because it is the most economical | back 36 Copper |
front 37 Examples of devices that use copper wire as a conductor in the OR include | back 37 surgical lamps, ESU, and power drills. |
front 38 What are the outermost electrons called in the atom’s orbit that can most easily be attracted away from the nucleus | back 38 free electrons |
front 39 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in paths called ...... | back 39 shells or orbits |
front 40 Material that inhibits the flow of free electrons; typically prevents electron leakage and directs the flow to a destination | back 40 insulators |
front 41 What is the function of an insulator | back 41 They are simply poor conductors. Wrapped around metals they prevent leakage of electrons. |
front 42 Examples of insulators in the OR are | back 42 the rubber and plastic covers around the cords of the ESU or x-ray machine. |
front 43 Because water is a conductor of electricity, what environmental factor should be a big consideration | back 43 humidity |
front 44 High humidity in the OR often results in | back 44 static charge leakage |
front 45 Low humidity in the OR results in the | back 45 formation of sparks |
front 46 Electrical charges can be either .......... and are simply defined as too many or too few electrons on an atom | back 46 negative or positive |
front 47 What is a magnetic field | back 47 it is the lines of magnetic force that flow between the north and south poles on a magnet. Opposites attract |
front 48 Remember, electricity does not produce power; it is only the means for ........ it. The interaction between the wires and magnets is what produces the power. | back 48 transporting |
front 49 What are devices called that convert mechanical energy (from steam or water) to electric energy. The turbines rapidly spin magnets that create the electricity used by hospitals and clinics, businesses, and homes. | back 49 generators |
front 50 What two principles are briefly discussed that have important applications in the OR: | back 50 Magnetism can generate an electric current and
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front 51 What defines electrical potential | back 51 Volt |
front 52 An electric system uses a battery or generator to create a force or ....... to move the electricity from one point to another. | back 52 voltage |
front 53 What is the path that electricity travels between an energy source and its usage device(s) | back 53 circuit |
front 54 What is the potential energy of electrons (or the electric charge) at any given time between two points | back 54 Voltage |
front 55 What is current measured in | back 55 AMPS |
front 56 What is the flow of electric charge or the rate of flow of electrons. For example, a single strand of copper wire is laid on a table; one end of the wire is negative, and the other is positive. | back 56 Current |
front 57 Components of the three-prong plug are | back 57 First prong (positive)
|
front 58 One kilowatt equals | back 58 1,000 W. |
front 59 What is typically a 220v circuit used for in the OR | back 59 Mobile xray unit |
front 60 What are metals that become magnetic when a conductor, such as copper wire, is wrapped around them | back 60 Electromagnets |
front 61 What volts are electrical outlets usually in the OR (excluding 1) | back 61 110 volts (V), |
front 62 To facilitate usage, watts are converted to | back 62 kilowatts (kW) |
front 63 Power is measured in | back 63 Watts (W) |
front 64 What are a common example of DC current | back 64 Batteries |
front 65 What are the two types of electrical systems availble | back 65 direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). |
front 66 What are a common example of DC current | back 66 Batteries |
front 67 What indicates electrical current that flows in one direction from the negative pole to the positive pole | back 67 direct current (DC) |
front 68 What describes the flow of current that reverses direction periodically. A complete cycle occurs when current moves in one direction and then reverses its course | back 68 alternating current (AC). |
front 69 Which current can be delivered at a high voltage and then “stepped down” (reduced) to a lower voltage at the point of use | back 69 Alternating current (AC) |
front 70 The number of AC cycles per second is called | back 70 frequency and is indicated by the symbol f |
front 71 A complete AC cycle is called a | back 71 Hertz(Hz) |
front 72 What are devices that step down or step up (increase) the exiting voltage and only work with alternating current | back 72 Transformers
|
front 73 What are common uses of Radiofrequency (RF) | back 73 Television and radio transmitters |
front 74 What transfers concentrated electrical current into another medium (e.g., electrical current transformed into thermal energy) | back 74 active electrode |
front 75 What is the new term that replaces dispersive (inactive) electrode; also called a grounding pad | back 75 patient return electrode |
front 76 The four components of a DC circuit are: | back 76 Source of electricity (e.g., battery)
|
front 77 The secondary circuit is isolated from other circuits by the transformer insulation. However, if a person touches both poles of the ............in the area where insulation is absent, current will flow through the body to the ground, producing an electrical shock or burn. | back 77 Isolated circuit |
front 78 Patient Return Electrode
| back 78 PRE |
front 79 Which organic dye is energized by a laser beam to produce the laser light in various wavelengths. | back 79 Liquid
|
front 80 Which energy-producing element on a rod is energized by flash lamps to produce the laser light. Examples include ruby and Nd:YAG. | back 80 Solid
|
front 81 Which energy is delivered directly to tissue through a filter or slit-lamp microscope. | back 81 Semiconductor crystals Laser
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front 82 This active medium is energized by electricity to produce the laser light. Examples include carbon dioxide, heliumneon, krypton, argon, and excimer. | back 82 Gas
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front 83 What is an occupational hazards of working in the OR | back 83 electrical burn or shock during electrosurgery |
front 84 What is electrosurgery | back 84 it is the application of electrical current through tissue to coagulate or cut tissue using an ESU (bovie |
front 85 Components of the ESU include | back 85 the generator (power cord)
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front 86 Which mode of electrosurgery is more frequently used for coagulation, but may also be used to cut tissue. It is used when large surgical areas are involved | back 86 Monopolar electrosurgery |
front 87 Which mode of electrosurgery is used less frequently and is only used for the purposes of coagulation, not cutting. It tends to be used for delicate surgical procedures, at sites where moisture is nearby, or to prevent damage to delicate tissue and nerves. | back 87 bipolar electrosurgery |
front 88 What are the three main components of the monopolar ESU | back 88 generator, active electrode, and grounding pad |
front 89 •Current travels from the generator to the active electrode.
| back 89 The pathway of the monopolar ESU |
front 90 What is the main unit that provides the source of electrical current to the active electrode and completes the pathway for the returning current from the grounding pad | back 90 The generator |
front 91 What two modes does the ESU use to deliver the electrical current to the tissue: | back 91 Monopolar & Bipolar |
front 92 What types of tips are available for placement on the end of the Bovie pencil | back 92 blade-shaped, ball-tipped, loop, and needle tips. Long extended tips are available for deep surgical wounds |
front 93 General safety and patient considerations when placing grounding pad | back 93 Let them know its cold
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front 94 What is also called the electrosurgical pencil or Bovie pencil, | back 94 The active electrode
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front 95 What are commercially available that consist of a small square with adhesive on the bottom for attachment to the drapes and a rough, sandpaper topping that the blade or tip can be scraped upon to remove debris and tissue. | back 95 Sterile “scratch pads” |
front 96 Typically, Bipolar forceps and cord are reusable and reprocessed by | back 96 gas sterilization |
front 97 •Current flows from generator to the active electrode (one of the prongs of the forceps).
| back 97 The pathway of the bipolar ESU |
front 98 What can malfunction during electrosurgery. | back 98 A pacemaker or internal defibrillator ST should be prepared with a defibrillator |
front 99 Why is a grounding pad eliminated when using bipolar forceps | back 99 The active and inactive electrodes consist of the two prongs of a forceps |
front 100 What specific product for the argon beam coagulator must be placed on the patient. | back 100 a grounding pad |
front 101 argon gas is heavier than air, the “beam” displaces the air, the energized argon gas appears as a bright beam of light. | back 101 causing less tissue damage, |
front 102 What uses ultrasonic energy rather than electricity to cut and coagulate tissue at the point of impact. | back 102 harmonic scalpel |
front 103 What is more precise and creates lower temperatures (therefore not charring the tissue)compared to traditional electrosurgery | back 103 Ultrasonic energy (grounding pad not needed) |
front 104 How do your prevent RF capacitive coupling when using an Bovie | back 104 the tip of the Bovie pencil should be placed below the fingers of the surgeon or assistant who is holding the clamp or forceps. |
front 105 An alternating current travels from the active electrode, across intact insulation, and into the skin. (Breaking the chain of insulation) Instrument and skin contact = burn | back 105 resonant frequency (RF) capacitive coupling |
front 106 At high electric fields, a material that is normally an electrical insulator may begin to conduct electricity | back 106 Dielectric breakdown |
front 107 The x-ray machine uses ............ to view internal structures | back 107 electromagnetic radiation |
front 108 What is formed when tissue is thermally destroyed and vaporized through the use of the ESU, laser, or other surgical devices such as power equipment used to cut bone | back 108 Vaporized tissue plume (smoke and aerosolized tissue) |
front 109 What is a viewing instrument that is used for diagnosis, biopsy, visualization, repair, retrieval of an object, and hemorrhage control in a hollow structure, such as the abdomen, thorax, heart, | back 109 Endoscope
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front 110 Laser light is ........... which means that its waves are parallel to each other and do not spread out as they travel away from their source. | back 110 collimated |
front 111 Laser light is also ........... meaning that the light waves travel in the same direction and in phase with each other, increasing its amplitude and its power. | back 111 coherent |
front 112 What emphasizes the importance of the surgeon using the highest safest wattage for the shortest time possible to keep damage to the adjacent tissue to a minimum | back 112 The concept of fluence |
front 113 What refers to the precision of the laser beam and consists of three properties: spot size, watts, and time. | back 113 Fluence = (watts × time) × spot size. |
front 114 What are the four interactions when the laser beam contacts the tissue | back 114 absorption, transmission, reflection, or scattering |
front 115 What is used when using lasers to prevent damage to adjacent tissues and limit the absorption of the laser energy. . | back 115 A backstop
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front 116 The factors that decide the penetration depth of the beam include | back 116 power of the laser beam, color and consistency of the tissue, laser wavelength, and duration of beam exposure |
front 117 The force per unit of area; applied evenly over a surface | back 117 pressure |
front 118 As the laser energy is ....... by the tissue, heat is produced and damage to the tissue can occur | back 118 absorbed |
front 119 What cooling mechanisms are used for Laser systems | back 119 air cooled (fan) or water cooled. |
front 120 Which laser is often used to vaporize bladder tumors | back 120 Nd:YAG |
front 121 Which laser consists of a garnet, routinely employed in eye surgeries, dentistry, cancer treatment, and acne treatment | back 121 Nd:YAG Laser
|
front 122 What can be a hazard if the laser beam reflects off a surgical instrument, causing it to impact tissue elsewhere | back 122 Specular reflection |
front 123 This active medium is energized by electricity to produce the laser light.
| back 123 Gas (active media) |
front 124 An energy-producing element on a rod is energized by flash lamps to produce the laser light. Examples include ruby and Nd:YAG | back 124 Solid (active media) |
front 125 An organic dye is energized by a laser beam to produce the laser light in various wavelengths | back 125 Liquid (active media) |
front 126 What laser has been one of the most frequently used lasers in surgery, delivered through articulated arm that is a hollow tube | back 126 CO2
|
front 127 What is transmitted with the CO2 laser beam to aid the surgeon in aiming | back 127 a red helium–neon laser beam (has no effect on the tissue) |
front 128 What wavelength is located in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum | back 128 Nd:YAG |
front 129 A type of laser, which discharges a pulsed beam
| back 129 Holmium: YAG Laser
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front 130 Which laser is popular for use among orthopedic surgeons during arthroscopic procedures because the laser beam is transmitted through clear fluids | back 130 The holmium:YAG |
front 131 Which laser is gas laser and has an electrical current that activates medium to create the laser energy. The laser has special electrical requirements and requires a water-cooling system. | back 131 Krypton Laser
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front 132 Which laser systems uses toxic gases and halogens as the active medium. The laser beam is ultraviolet in color and is absorbed by protein with minimal thermal spread, so the system is used to reshape the cornea for radial keratoplasty and to destroy plaque within a stenotic artery for angioplasty. | back 132 Excimer
|
front 133 Which laser can be used through a cystoscope to vaporize bladder tumors | back 133 argon laser |
front 134 Which laser produces a blue light or green light in the electromagnetic spectrum. The primary component of the laser system is a plasma tube.
| back 134 Aragon
|
front 135 What is the laser of choice for gastrointestinal endoscopy | back 135 Nd:YAG laser system because its beam penetrates deeply into the tissues for better coagulation and destruction of tumor masses |
front 136 Colonoscopes combined ................systems are used to treat polyps, arteriovenous malformations, and bleeding disorders and to perform the ablation of certain types of tumors. | back 136 with argon or Nd:YAG laser |
front 137 Which endoscopy is used for treatment of certain brain tumors to preserve adjacent neural tissue and to reduce postoperative cerebral edema and recovery time | back 137 Stereotactic laser |
front 138 What is defined as "Broken into sections by joints" | back 138 Articulated
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front 139 What is the ability of humans and robots to determine the direction from which sound is coming. Humans have two ears that provide this ability; robots are given two sound transducers that provide the ability | back 139 Binaural hearing |
front 140 The number of ways in which a robotic manipulator moves | back 140 degrees of freedom |
front 141 What is used for graphing mathematical functions. The axes are always perpendicular to each other. Also called rectangular coordinate geometry. | back 141 Cartesian coordinate geometry |
front 142 What refers to the plane that is used in combination with a plane coordinate system and elevation in conjunction with a robotic arm | back 142 Cylindrical coordinate geometry |
front 143 What is the extent that a robot joint or a set of joints can move clockwise or counterclockwise about an axis. A reference point is established and the angles of the joint are stated in degrees. | back 143 Degrees of rotation |
front 144 What is the method of reasoning in AI used to control smart robots. The expert system consists of facts or data supplied to the robot about the robot’s environment; also called rule-based system. | back 144 Expert systems |
front 145 What is the technical term for robot arms | back 145 Manipulators |
front 146 Extent to which a machine, microscope, human, or robot can differentiate between two objects | back 146 Resolution |
front 147 What refers to a robotic arm that can move in three dimensions, resembling the movements of a human arm, such as rotating through a full circle (360 degrees). | back 147 Revolute geometry |
front 148 What is the ability of a machine or robot to see in dim light or detect weak impulses at invisible wavelengths. | back 148 Sensitivity |
front 149 What name is given to remotely controlled robots. | back 149 Telechir |
front 150 What refers to the operation of a robot at a distance, meaning the operator is situated in one location, usually miles apart, and the robot is on-site with the patient. | back 150 Telepresence |
front 151 One of the most frequently used surgical robots is the | back 151 da Vinci
|
front 152 The instruments have ............, providing surgeons with precision ability in performing surgery | back 152 seven degrees of freedom and 90 degrees of articulation |
front 153 The manipulators of the robot that hold the endoscope and instruments are not sterilized, they need to be ...... | back 153 covered with special sterile sleeves. |
front 154 What is the viewing monitor referred to on the da Vinci | back 154 “slave” monitor |
front 155 An innovation by Intuitive Surgical® is the development of the ........ surgical instruments that are placed in the manipulators for the surgeon to perform the procedure. | back 155 EndoWrist® 5mm |
front 156 The da Vinci® system allows the surgeon to perform minimally invasive surgery through | back 156 1- to 2-mm incisions |
front 157 In a da Vinci - An up-and-down movement is known as ...., whereas right and left movements are called .... | back 157 Pitch and yaw |