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Hesi review Biology questions

front 1

Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water?

back 1

The reults of the polarity are hydrogen bonding, a high specific heat value, and its versatile solvent properties

front 2

A cell from heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually proportion of

back 2

Mitochondria

front 3

What part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of atp?

back 3

Electron transport chain

front 4

The Krebs and Calvin cycles both result in a net production of what?

back 4

ATP, NADH

front 5

Why is it important for cells to undergo mitosis?

back 5

Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair body tissue.

front 6

How is information transformed to make a protein?

back 6

DNA-RNA-protein

front 7

Hierarchic system of classification

back 7

Kingdom , Phylum, Class, order, family, Genus, Species

front 8

Allels

back 8

any of several forms of a gene , usually arising through mutation , that are responsible for heredity variation

front 9

Amino Acids

back 9

Any of a class of organic compounds that contain at least one amino group , -NH , and are carboxyl group, -COOH: The alpha amino acids , are building blocks from which proteins are constructed

front 10

Anaphase

back 10

Begins when chromosomes start to seperate.In this phase , the chromosome are considered seperate chromosomes.

front 11

Binary Fission

back 11

Fission into two organisms approxiamtley equal in size. Type of a sexual reproduction; parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells

front 12

Cellular Membrane

back 12

*Mosst important component of the cell, contributing to protection, communication, and the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
*Consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins.
*Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, this bilayer creates a hydrophobic region between the two layers of lipids, making it seletively permeable.

front 13

Chloroplasts

back 13

*Found in plants and are the sites of photosynthesis
*Produce cell energy

front 14

Chromosomes

back 14

Compact rod-shaped bodies located with in the nucleus of a cell; contain DNA

front 15

Codon

back 15

Three base sequence of messnger RNA ; each sequence of nucleotides in mRNA that base pairs with DNA base triplet.
* These code for a specific amino acid

front 16

Cytoplasm

back 16

Cellular contents betwenn the plasma membrane and the nucleus includes cytosol and organelles

front 17

Cytokinesis

back 17

division of the cytoplasm into two cells. It is achieved by the motor protein myosin pulling microfilaments of actin in the terminal web of the cytoskeleton . This creates a crease called the cleavage furrow around the equator of the cell, and eventually pinches into two

front 18

cytosol

back 18

fluid that surronds the organelles

front 19

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

back 19

A unique molecule specific to a particular organism; it contains the genetic code that is necessary for replication.
*they described a double helical structure that contains the four nitrogenous babses adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Each base forms hydrogen bonds wiht another base of the complimentry strand. A-T, G-C.

front 20

Electron Transport Chain

back 20

Series of steps in cellular respiration that produces water and ATP. The energy harvest here is remarkable. for every glucose molecule, 28 to 32 ATP molecules can be produced.

front 21

Exocytosis

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membrane enclose "secretory" vesicles form inside cell, fuse with plasma membrane, and release their contents into extracellular fliud

front 22

Endocytosis

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materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed by plasma membrane

front 23

Glycolysis

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Anaerobic breakdown of glucose; first step in cellular respiration. The conversion of glucose to pyruvate. This takes place in the cystol of the cell and produces 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of pyruvate, and two molecules of NADH.

front 24

Lysosomes

back 24

Intracellular digestion. Packed with hydrolitic enzymes, lysososmes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids.

front 25

Golgi Apparatus

back 25

Cell organelle that packages, processes, and distributes molecules from the er throughout the cell

front 26

Vacuoles

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Membrane-enclosed structures, Plants have central vacuole that function as storage, waste disposal, protection, and hydrolysis.

front 27

Heterozygous

back 27

trait in an organism that contains different allels

front 28

Homozygous

back 28

Trait in an organism that contains identical allels

front 29

Hypotonic Solution

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Has lower concentration of solutes than cytosol, so water enters cells faster than it leaves causing cells to swell and burst

front 30

Hypertonic Solution

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Has higher concentration of solutes than cytosol, so water moves out of cells faster than it moves causing cells to shrink

front 31

Interphase

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Stage of cell during which growth and DNA sysnthesis occur

front 32

Isotonic soluton

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Concentration of solutes same on both sides of membrane, so water enters and exits at same rate and cells maintain normal shape and volume

front 33

Krebs cycle

back 33

Series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion during cellular respiration. For a single consumed glucose molecule , 2 ATP molecules, six molecules of carbon dioxide, and six NADH molecules are produced.

front 34

Meiosos

back 34

* The special cell division that takes place in the gonads ( the ovaries and the testes) . In the process of meiosis, the chromosomes number is reduced from 46 to 23 , so when the egg and the sperm unite in fertilization the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes
* Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction; each daughter cell recieves the haploid number of chromosomes

front 35

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

back 35

Type of RNA formed from a template of DNA; this functions as a messenger form the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the ctosol or on the rough ER. Here the ribosomes acts as the site of translation.

front 36

Metabolic pathway

back 36

Series of linked chemical reactions ; steps where reactions take place in a cell
*Progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy.
*All of the reactions are catalyzed by the use of enzymes.

front 37

Metaphase

back 37

All of the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate or the center of the cell.

front 38

Metaphase plate

back 38

Disk form during metaphase in which the chromosomes align in a quatorial plane of the cell

front 39

Mitosis

back 39

* The process in which the DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells
* Type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells; phases include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

front 40

Mitochondria

back 40

*Produce cell energy
*Found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration

front 41

Organelles

back 41

Any of many cell "organs" or organized components

front 42

Phagocytosis

back 42

Process in which cells engulf food particles through the cell membrane

front 43

Phospholipids

back 43

Phosphate- containing fat molecule; forms the bilayer of a cell membrane. Consists of two fatty acids of vatying length bonded to a phosphate group . The phosphate group is charged and therefore polar.

front 44

Photosynthesis

back 44

Chemical process that converts light energy to synthesize carbohydrates. Consists of two seperate stages.
*The light reaction are those that convert solar energy to chemical energy. The cell accomplishes the production of ATP by absorbing light and using that energy to split a water molecule and transfer the electron, creating NADPH, and then producing ATP.These molecules are then used in the calvin cycle.
*The sugar produced is polymerized and stored as a polymer of glucose. These sugars are consumed by organism or by the plant itself to produce energy by cellular respiration

front 45

Plasma Membrane

back 45

Encloses and protects cell and contains functional protein such as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, receptors and bind ligands and regulate cellular activity , tansporters that regulate what enters and exits cell, and cell idenity markers

front 46

Prophase

back 46

The chromosomes are visibly seperate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticable sister chromatids.

front 47

Prometaphase

back 47

The nuclear envelope begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is formong along the axis of the cell

front 48

Ribosomes

back 48

*Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
*Cells with a high rate of protein sysnthesis generally have large number of ribosomes.
* ribosomes are found in two locations, Bound are found in Er, and free are in the cytoplasm. The two are interchangeable and have identical structures.

front 49

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

back 49

Nucleic acid found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of cell; occurs in three forms: mRNA, ribosomal RNA , and tRNA. It is used in transfer and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code.

front 50

Rough ER

back 50

Section of endoplasmic reticulum that is covered with ribosoms; responsible for protein sysnthesis and membrane production

front 51

Smooth Er

back 51

Section of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes; functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules.

front 52

Steroids

back 52

Lipid that is a component of a cell membrane; many steroids are precursors to significant hormones.

front 53

Stop Codon

back 53

Sequence of bases that terminates translation during protein synthesis

front 54

Telophase

back 54

Chromosomes gather on eihter side of the now seperating cell.

front 55

Transcription

back 55

*An RNA strand complementary to the original strand of DNA is produced. The piece of genetic material produced is messenger RNA (mRNA)
*Process during protein synthesis in which the DNA molecule is used as a template to form mRNA. The RNA strand has nitrogenous bases, identical to those in in DNA with the exception of uracil, which is substituted for thymine.

front 56

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

back 56

RNA involved in protein sysnthesis; trnasfers a specific amino acid to the ribosomes and binds to mRNA

front 57

Water

back 57

* The most significant aspect of water is the polarity of its bonds. It is the polar nature of water that allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules.
*Water's high specific heat.This allows water to resist shifts in temperature.
*Hydrogen bonding also results in cohesive and adhesive properties. Cohesion id the ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance. Adhesion is the ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances.
*When water freezes it formsa a lattice , which causes the molecules to spread apart, resulting in the phenomenon of floating.
*Polarity of water also allows acts as a universal solvent . Water can be used to dissolve a number of different substances

front 58

Carbohydrates

back 58

are generally long chains, or polymers of sugars. They have many functions and serve many different purposes. The most important of these is storage , structure ,and energy.

front 59

Biological molecules

back 59

The most important molecules are
Carbohydrates
Lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

front 60

Lipids

back 60

Better known as fats , but specifically fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids

front 61

Fatty Acids

back 61

Vary greatly, but simply are grouped into two categories , saturated and unsaturated
*Hydrocarbon tail of the faty acids is nonpolar. Which is important in the function of cellular membranes. The molecules combine in a way that creates a barrier that protects a cell.

front 62

Saturated Fats

back 62

*Contain no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail
* solid
*Those that the general public consider detrimental ; cardiovascular problems are likely with diets that contain high quantaties of saturated fats

front 63

Unsaturated Fats

back 63

*One or more double bonds
*Liquid at room temperature

front 64

Proteins

back 64

*Most significant contributor to cellular function.
*Polymers of 20 molecules called amino acids
*Proteins are complex , consists of several structure types , and the largest of the biological molecules.
*Enzymes are particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes.
* Nearly all cellular function is catalyzed by some type of enzyme

front 65

Nucleic acids

back 65

Componets of the molecules of inheritance. DNA and RNA

front 66

Metabolism

back 66

The sum of all chemical reations that occur in an organism. In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called metabolic pathways.

front 67

Catabolism

back 67

Phase of metabolsim that involves breaking down complex chemical susbtances into smaller ones; = decompostion reactions

front 68

Anabolism

back 68

Phases of metabolism that involves building complex chemical substances from smaller , simpler ones; = sysnthesis reactions

front 69

Prokaryotic cells

back 69

lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

front 70

Eukaryotic Cells

back 70

Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the nucleus.
*More complex of the two cell types

front 71

Cellular Reproduction

back 71

Cells reproduce by three different processes, all of which fall into two categories : sexual and asexual reproduction

front 72

Cellular Respiration

back 72

*Two Catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production. As a simple combustion reaction, cellular respiration produces far more energy than does its anaerobic counterpart, fermentation.

front 73

Sexual reproduction

back 73

the off spring originates from a single cell, yielding all cells produced to be identical.
* Two cells contribute genetic material to the daughter cells, resulting in greater vatriation.

front 74

In the hierarchic system of classification, what is the least inclusive.

back 74

Species

front 75

A molecule of water is bonded with another molecule of water by what type of bond?

back 75

Hydrogen

front 76

Selectively Permeable

back 76

Allows free passage of many lipid-soluble molecules but selectively controls crossing of ions or polar substances through transporter proteins

front 77

Passive transport

back 77

substances uses its own kinetic energy to move down concentration or electrochemical gradient across membrane until it reaches equilibrium (equal on both sides) does not require energy

front 78

Simple Diffusion

back 78

allows pasage of nonpolar substances

front 79

Facilitated Diffusion

back 79

allows pasage of larger and highly polar/ charged substances via transports proteins

front 80

Active Transport

back 80

Energy- requiring process in which transport proteins move solutes across membrane (up) its concetration gradient.

front 81

Ionic Bond

back 81

The force that binds a cation to an anion

front 82

Covalent Bond

back 82

Two atoms share electrons, generally in pairs, one from each atom.

front 83

Cell

back 83

The basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs.

front 84

Hydrogen Bond

back 84

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom on one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom on another molecule, or between such atoms on different parts of the same molecule; responsible for the cohesion of water and coiling of protein and DNA molecules, for example

front 85

How do phospholipds function in cells?

back 85

They are integral components of the plasma membrane

front 86

Proteins are polymers of what?

back 86

Amino acids

front 87

Which of the biological molecules are considered the most significant contributor to cellular function?

back 87

proteins

front 88

Lipids are better known as fats, but what are they specifically

back 88

Fatty acids, Phospholipids,steroids

front 89

Polysaccharide

back 89

ploymer of simple sugars; glycogen, starch, cellulose

front 90

Atom

back 90

the basic building block of a molecule that contains a nucleus and orbits

front 91

Monosaccharides

back 91

a simple sugar, or sugar monomer, chiefly glucose, fructose, and galactose.

front 92

What protein catalyze different reactions or processes?

back 92

Enzyme

front 93

Which of the biological molecules are componets of the molecules inheritance?

back 93

Nucleic acid

front 94

Aerobic

back 94

organism or cells that require oxygen to susutain life

front 95

Anaerobic

back 95

Organism or cell can function in low concentrations of oxygen (micro- aerobic) and some organisms exsist where no oxygen is present

front 96

Ionic Bond

back 96

Force of attraction that holds ions having opposite charges together

front 97

Isotope

back 97

Different kinds of the same atom that vary in weight: for a given element, the number of protons remains the same, while the number of neutrons varies to make different isotopes

front 98

Scientific Method Data

back 98

results generated by conducting experimental tests

front 99

Scientific Method Experiment

back 99

Implementation of scientific materials and methods designed to test a hypothesis ( should include a control group and experimental group)

front 100

Scientific Method Conclusion

back 100

Statements based on analysis of test results that discuss evidence to support or reject the hypothesis

front 101

Scientific Method Hyposthesis

back 101

Potential testable explanation for a phenomenon, based on observations and prior knowledge and experience

front 102

Scientific Method Observation

back 102

Use of senses to notice and study a phenomenon

front 103

Molecule

back 103

a group of stoms bonded together

front 104

Scientific Theory

back 104

Widely accepted concepts based on extensive experimental evidence

front 105

Element

back 105

one type of atom