Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

243 notecards = 61 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

OB 4

front 1

When is organogenesis complete?

back 1

12 weeks

front 2

When is the GB seen?

back 2

20 weeks

front 3

back 3

Fetal GB

front 4

back 4

Fetal GB

front 5

back 5

Fetal GB

front 6

What is suspected when the spleen is enlarged in a fetus?

back 6

Rh immunoIncompatibility

front 7

When can the stomach be seen?

back 7

14 weeks

front 8

If the stomach is not seen by 16 weeks, what could be the problem?

back 8

esophageal atresia

front 9

What is the stomach a landmark for?

back 9

AC

front 10

What does the intestines act as in utero?

back 10

resevor for meconium

front 11

Why does the the fetus not poo in utero

back 11

peristalisis does not occur until birth

anal sphincter is closed

*unless in distress

front 12

kidney / testis crisscross

back 12

no data

front 13

what is meconium made of

back 13

amniotic fluid + fetal cells

bacteria and enzymes added

front 14

back 14

spleenomegaly

front 15

back 15

Pancreas

front 16

What is the size of the adrenals in a fetus?

back 16

20x larger in fetus than adults

can mimic kidneys

front 17

back 17

adrenal

front 18

back 18

adrenal

front 19

______________ is directly proportional to AC.

back 19

liver size

front 20

What is hypoxic?

back 20

pertaining to low oxygen

front 21

What does the umbilical arteries become after birth?

back 21

hypogastric ligament

front 22

What does the umbilical vein become after birth?

back 22

ligament venosum

front 23

What measurements do we take involving the abdomen?

back 23

AC

renal length

front 24

What is the AC landmarks?

back 24

trans spine - 3 oss center

J - portal vein

stomach & GB

front 25

What is esophageal atresia?

back 25

congenital atresia of the esophagus

front 26

What causes esophageal atresia?

back 26

failure of recanalization of the GIT

a blind end tube is result

front 27

What is present in most cases of esophageal atresia?

back 27

tracheo-esophageal fistula

front 28

What percent of esophageal atresia have a tracheo-esophageal fistula present?

back 28

90%

front 29

What is the sonographic appearance of esophageal atresia?

back 29

polyhydramnios

stomach usually not identified

front 30

back 30

Duodenal atresia

front 31

What is duodenal atresia usually associated with?

back 31

Downs syndrome

front 32

What is the sonographic appearance of duodenal atresia?

back 32

Double bubble

polyhydramnios

front 33

back 33

Duodenal atresia

front 34

back 34

Double bubble

front 35

When can duodenal atresia be seen?

back 35

24 weeks

front 36

back 36

tracheo-esophageal fistula

front 37

What causes a double bubble?

back 37

duodenal atresia

duodenal stenosis

annular pancreas

jejunal atresia

front 38

What is an annular pancreas?

back 38

extension of pancreas tissue around duodenal

forming a ring

front 39

What problems does annular pancreas cause in infants?

back 39

feeding problems

reflux and vomiting

front 40

What is the sonographic appearance of jejunal atresia?

back 40

bowel proximal to the blockage dilated

front 41

What is the first sign of cystic fibrosis?

back 41

meconium ileus

echogenic bowel

front 42

back 42

meconium ileus

front 43

back 43

meconium ileus

front 44

What is a meconium ileus?

back 44

small bowel disorder, presense of thick meconium in the distal ileum

impaction of abnormal thick sticky mecomium

front 45

back 45

Meconium Peritonitis

front 46

back 46

Meconium Peritonitis

front 47

back 47

Meconium Peritonitis

front 48

What can obstructed bowel cause?

back 48

perforation and infection

front 49

What is the sonographic appearance of meconium ileus?

back 49

echogenic small bowel

front 50

When is the migration of the kidney to the abdomen complete?

back 50

9 weeks

front 51

What causes pelvic kidneys?

back 51

can be physical or hormonal

front 52

What are horseshoe kidneys?

back 52

inferior portion fuses early on

front 53

When should the kidneys and the bladder be seen?

back 53

15 weeks

front 54

back 54

bubble sign

front 55

When should the renal cortex and medulla be differentiated?

back 55

25 weeks

front 56

back 56

bubble sign

front 57

back 57

Cross-over fusion kidneys

front 58

What happens with bilateral renal agenesis?

back 58

olighydramnios usuually resulting in miscarriage - always fatal

front 59

What is Potter's type 2?

back 59

multicystic dysplastic kidneys

front 60

back 60

Urachal fistula

front 61

back 61

Urachal fistula

front 62

What is a urichal fistula?

back 62

Urachus doesn't close and belly button leaks urin

front 63

back 63

Urachal cyst

front 64

back 64

Urachal cyst

front 65

back 65

Unilateral renal agenesis

front 66

back 66

Mesoblastic Nephroma AKA: fetal renal harmatoma & congenital Wilm's tumor

front 67

back 67

Mesoblastic Nephroma AKA: fetal renal harmatoma & congenital Wilm's tumor

front 68

back 68

Wilm's Tumor AKA: Nephroblastoma

front 69

What is mesoblastic nephroma?

back 69

Congenital Wilms' tumors

big benign mass usually expresses its self by 3 months

most common neonatal solid tumor

mostly in boys

front 70

What is Nephroblastoma?

back 70

wilms tumor

front 71

What is the most common malignant tumor of childhood?

back 71

Wilms tumor

front 72

At what age does wilms tumor usually occur?

back 72

commonly occurs at 3 yrs

front 73

what is a Urachus?

back 73

a fibrous cord that extends from the umbilicus to the bladder.

front 74

What is the sonographic appearance of Potter's type 2?

back 74

Severe oligohydramnios

Absent kidneys

Nondistended bladder

front 75

What is IPKD?

back 75

disorder associated with multiple bilateral cysts

front 76

back 76

Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease

front 77

back 77

Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease

front 78

What is another name for IPKD?

back 78

Potter Type 1

front 79

back 79

Urachal cyst

front 80

Is IPKD recessive of dominant?

back 80

recessive

front 81

What are the 4 groups of IPKD?

back 81

Perinatal – renal failure in utero

Neonatal

Infantile

juvenile

front 82

When does neonatal IPKD occur?

back 82

within 1st month after birth

front 83

When does infantile IPKD occur?

back 83

3 - 6 months

front 84

When does juvenile IPKD occur?

back 84

1 - 5 years

front 85

What is the sonographic appearance of IPKD?

back 85

enlarged

hyperechoic

homogeneous hyoerechoic large kidneys

increased kidney AC

small bladder

loss of corticomedullary differentiation

front 86

What is Meckyl-Gruber syndrome?

back 86

  1. polucystic kidneys
  2. posterior encephalocoele/holoprosencephaly
  3. polydactyly

front 87

What is adult polycystic kidney disease?

back 87

large

echogenic

front 88

What age does APKD usually occur?

back 88

age 30 with hypertension

front 89

If one person has APKD what is the chance of passing it on to children?

back 89

50%

front 90

What is polycystic kidney disease?

back 90

auto dominant

family history

front 91

What is multicystic dysplastic kidneys?

back 91

disorder associated with unilateral cystic lesions

correspond to dilated collecting tubules

Enlarged

unilateral

nonfunctioning

front 92

back 92

Bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

front 93

back 93

unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

front 94

back 94

unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

front 95

What happens to the contralateral kidney with MDK?

back 95

enlarges to compensate

front 96

What is the sonographic appearance of bilateral MDK?

back 96

multiple, round

various sizes

bladder not seen

olighydramnios

Poor Prognosis

front 97

What is the sonographic appearance of unilateral MDK?

back 97

multiple, round

various sizes

bladder seen

hydronephrosis

front 98

What is UPJ?

back 98

uritopelvis junction

front 99

What is UVJ?

back 99

uritovesicilar junction

front 100

back 100

Hydronephrosis

front 101

Where is a double collecting system most likely to have hydro?

back 101

the superior collecting system

front 102

What is the most common fetal anomaly?

back 102

hydronephrosis

front 103

What is hydronephrosis usually caused by?

back 103

UPJ or UVJ obstruction

front 104

What is a UPJ obstruction caused by?

back 104

bend or kink in ureter

front 105

What is a UVJ obstruction caused by?

back 105

bad valves at trigone region

front 106

What do normal ureters measure?

back 106

1 mm

front 107

Prune belly syndrome usually occurs in _____________

back 107

boys

front 108

What is hydronephrosis?

back 108

Dilation of the renal pelvis due to blockage

front 109

back 109

Pyelectasis

front 110

What is pyelectasis?

back 110

abnormal collection of urine within the renal pelvis 5-9 mm

front 111

back 111

Caliectasis

front 112

back 112

Caliectasis

front 113

What is calyectasis?

back 113

rounded calyces with renal pelvis dilatation

front 114

What is Prune Belly Syndrome?

back 114

Rare congenital abnormality. A partial or complete lack of abdominal wall muscles w/ renal abnormalities. Usually in males.

anterior abdominal wall defect

urinary tract obstruction

cryptorchidism

hypoplastic abdominal wall muscles

massive distention of bladder

wrinkling

urethral obstruction

bladder enlarges

mega ureter

hydronephrosis

abdomen enlarges

abdominal muscles becomes abnormal

Babies are delived c-section

front 115

back 115

Prune Belly

front 116

back 116

Prune Belly

front 117

What is another name for prune belly syndrome?

back 117

Eagle Barrett syndrome

front 118

What is the sonographic appearance of prune belly syndrome

back 118

hydronephrosis with echogenic renal parenchyma

oligohydramnios

urinary ascites

a dystrophic bladder

peritoneal calcifications

front 119

What is ureteropelvic junction obstruction?

back 119

Obstruction of the urinary outflow. Can be acquired or congenital.

obstruction at the confluence of the kidney and the ureter

Sporadic

front 120

What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates?

back 120

UPJ obstruction

front 121

back 121

UPJ obstruction

front 122

back 122

UPJ obstruction

front 123

What is the sonographic appearance of ureteropelvic junction obstruction?

back 123

will often show a dilated renal pelvis

Doppler: Kidney w/higher resistive indices

hyperechoic kidneys

front 124

What is Ureterovesicle junction obstruction?

back 124

Obstruction of the uretrovesical junction causing urine to back up into the ureters and kidneys.

results from stenotic ureteral valve or fibrosis

front 125

What is the sonographic appearance of Ureterovesicle junction obstruction?

back 125

megaureter

hydronephrosis

front 126

back 126

Ectopic ureterocele

front 127

What is a Ectopic ureterocele?

back 127

the distal ureter does not insert into the urinary bladder

Congenital cystic dilatations of the terminal submucosal ureter

surgical repair or can lead to loss of function

bad insertion of ureter into trigone region

front 128

What is the sonographic appearance of a Ectopic ureterocele?

back 128

Echogenic thin-walled cyst-like structures within the bladder

front 129

What is ectopic ureterocele usually associated with?

back 129

UVJ obstruction

front 130

back 130

Posterior urethral valve

front 131

What is Posterior urethral valves?

back 131

most common congenital obstructive lesion of the urethra

congenital folds act of male urethra act as valves to obstruct excretion

front 132

What is the sonographic appearance of Posterior urethral valves?

back 132

marked distention bladder

hydronephrosis

hydroureter

oligohydramnios

keyhole sign

front 133

back 133

Posterior urethral valve

front 134

What is a keyhole sign?

back 134

no data

front 135

What is the major concern for babies with posterior urethral valves?

back 135

baby can't urinate

leading to

olighydramnios

pulmonary hyperplasia

risk of bladder rupture causing urinary ascites

front 136

What is the most common cause of death for fetus with posterior urethral valves?

back 136

pulmonary hyperplasia

front 137

What is cloaca?

back 137

The cloaca is a structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.

plays a developmental role in

genitals

bladder

rectum

front 138

back 138

Bladder exstrophy

front 139

What is the most severe form of bladder exstrophy?

back 139

cloacal extrophy

colon is affected

front 140

back 140

Testicular hydrocele

front 141

back 141

Testicular hydrocele

front 142

What causes a testicular hydrocele?

back 142

process vaginalis does not close completely causing abdominal secretions in scrotal sac.

front 143

Many testicular hydroceles _____________ within ____________.

back 143

Many testicular hydroceles heal themselves within 24 months.

front 144

What week do the testicles descend?

back 144

28 weeks

front 145

What is Bladder exostrophy?

back 145

congenital anomaly, protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall.

front 146

WHat is the sonographic appearance of Bladder exostrophy?

back 146

soft-tissue mass protruding through abdomen

absence of urinary bladder

separation of pubic bone

front 147

What is a differential diagnosis of bladder exostrophy?

back 147

gastroschisis or omphalocele

front 148

What is a Testicular Hydrocele?

back 148

fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle

usually benign

front 149

What is the sonographic appearance of Testicular Hydrocele?

back 149

simple fluid collection surrounding the testis.

front 150

What is Osteochondrodysplasia?

back 150

general term for a disorder of the development of bone and cartilage

hard to identify prenatally

* filler in multiple choice...usually missed by U/S

front 151

Explain the TC of a fetus with Osteochondrodysplasia?

back 151

measure small

front 152

What should you do if the femur measures small?

back 152

red flag

marker for trisomy 21

measure humerus

front 153

What is the key bone measurement?

back 153

femur length

front 154

When do the long bones begin to ossification?

back 154

end of embryonic period

week 12

front 155

What is TC?

back 155

thoracic circomuference

front 156

What are the first bones to ossify?

back 156

mandible & clavicle

Week 8

front 157

what usually occurs with musculoskeletal abnormalities?

back 157

polyhydramnios

fetal structural anomalies

family history of recurrent syndrome

front 158

Why are the most lethal musculoskeletal anomolies easier to identify?

back 158

they have severe presentations

front 159

What bones can be Acromelia?

back 159

carpal

metacarpal

tarsels

metatarsels

phalanges

front 160

back 160

Acromelia

front 161

back 161

Acromelia

front 162

What is Acromelia?

back 162

Bone abnormality shortening of distal limb segment.

front 163

back 163

Acromelia

front 164

back 164

Mesomelia

front 165

What is Mesomelia?

back 165

shortening of middle limb segment.

front 166

What bones can be Mesomelic ?

back 166

tibia

fibula

ulnar

radius

front 167

What is Rhizomelic shortening?

back 167

Shortening of proximal limb segment

front 168

back 168

Rhizomelia

front 169

back 169

Rhizomelia

front 170

What bones can be Rhizomelic ?

back 170

femur

humerus

front 171

What is Micromelia shortening?

back 171

Shortening of proximal and distal limb segment

dwarfism

front 172

What is Extactyly?

back 172

Absence of fingers or toes

front 173

back 173

Hemimelia

front 174

What is Hemimelia?

back 174

Absence of below elbow or knee

front 175

back 175

Phocomelia

front 176

back 176

Phocomelia

front 177

back 177

Phocomelia

front 178

What is Phocomelia?

back 178

Absence of middle segment

foot and hand would be attached to femur and humerus

front 179

What is Sirenomelia?

back 179

fusion of legs

mermaid syndrome

front 180

back 180

Sirenomelia

front 181

back 181

Sirenomelia

front 182

back 182

Sirenomelia

front 183

What is Dystoes?

back 183

Absence or malformation of individual bones

front 184

What is Arthrogryposis?

back 184

rigid extremities

front 185

What is the possible cause of Arthrogryposis?

back 185

olighydramnios

front 186

What is the sonographic appearance of Arthrogryposis?

back 186

joint contractures and rigidity.

head was severely hyperextended

fixed extremities

flexed arms

clubbed feet

clenched hands

front 187

What is Polydactyly?

back 187

extra fingers or toes.

front 188

back 188

Polydactyly

front 189

back 189

Polydactyly

front 190

back 190

Clinodactyly & club foot

front 191

back 191

Clinodactyly

front 192

What is Clinodactyly?

back 192

curvature of a digit

front 193

What is Pterygium?

back 193

webbing across joints

front 194

back 194

Pterygium

webbing across joints

front 195

back 195

Talipes equinovarus

front 196

back 196

Talipes equinovarus

front 197

back 197

Ectrodactyly

front 198

back 198

Ectrodactyly

front 199

What is Talipes?

back 199

AKA Club foot.

front half of the foot turns inwards and downwards

front 200

What is Rocker-bottom feet?

back 200

prominent calcaneus and a convex rounded bottom to the foot. The foot resembles the bottom of a rocking chair.

marker for trisomy 18

front 201

back 201

Rockerbottom feet

front 202

back 202

Thanatophoric dysplasia

front 203

What are the lethal forms of Skeletal dysplasia?

back 203

Thanatophoric dysplasia

achondrogenesis

camptomelic dysplasia

osteogenesis imperfectal - Type II

Sirenomelia

front 204

What is the most common non-lethal bone dysplasia?

back 204

achondroplasia

front 205

back 205

Achondroplasia

front 206

When can rhyzomelia be diagnosed in utero?

back 206

by femur length

27 - 30 weeks

measurement of femur length starts dropping off

front 207

What are the Non-lethal forms of Skeletal dysplasia?

back 207

achondroplasia

osteogenesis imperfecta Type IV

front 208

What is Thanatophporic Dysplasia?

back 208

severe skeletal disorder characterized by extremely short limbs and folds of extra skin on the arms and legs.

rhizomelia

bowed long bones

narrow thorax

large head

front 209

What is the most common form of lethal dwarfism?

back 209

Thanatophporic Dysplasia

causes severe micromelia

front 210

What is the sonographic appearance of Thanatophporic Dysplasia?

back 210

clover leaf skull

narrow chest

short ribs

underdeveloped lungs

enlarged head

large forehead and

prominent, wide-spaced eyes.

front 211

back 211

Kleeblattshadels

front 212

back 212

Kleeblattshadels

front 213

What is another name for cloverleaf skull?

back 213

kleeblattschädel

front 214

back 214

horseshoe

front 215

What are associated anomolies of Thanatophporic Dysplasia?

back 215

cloverleaf skull

horseshoe kidneys

ASD

imperforate anus

front 216

back 216

Achondrogenesis

front 217

What is the second most common form of lethal dwarfism?

back 217

Achondrogenesis

front 218

What is Achondrogenesis?

back 218

rare lethal form of short limbed dyplasia

severe malformation of bones and cartilage. Babies usually still born or die shortly

front 219

What are the two types of Achondrogenesis?

back 219

no data

front 220

What is the sonographic appearance of Achondrogenesis?

back 220

demonstration of the triad

severely shortened limbs

lack of vertebral ossification

large head with slightly decreased ossification

front 221

What is Camptomelic Dysplasia?

back 221

Camptomelic Dysplasia: bowing of the long bones

front 222

What are the most common bones affected by Camptomelic Dysplasia?

back 222

tibia

femur

front 223

What is the sonographic appearance of Camptomelic Dysplasia?

back 223

bowing of long bones

hydrocephalus

hydronephrosis

front 224

What are the anomolies associated with Camptomelic Dysplasia?

back 224

heart disease

hydrocephalus

hydronephrosis

front 225

What is caudal regression syndrome caused by?

back 225

early disruption of caudal portion of the neural tube

(sacral anomolies)

includes a range of anomolies

front 226

What is caudal regression syndrome?

back 226

fusion of the lower extremities

male prevalence 3:1

front 227

What is a mild case of caudal regression syndrome?

back 227

sacral anomalies

front 228

What is the most severe form of caudal regression syndrome?

back 228

Sirenomelia

front 229

back 229

Caudal regression syndrome

front 230

What are the associated anomalies of caudal regression syndrome?

back 230

diabetes

monozygotic twins

front 231

Sirenomelia

back 231

AKA Mermaid Syndrome, very rare congenital deformityin which the legs are fused together

front 232

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II?

back 232

disorder of production, secretion or function of collagen

most severe form

front 233

back 233

Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2

front 234

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II characterized by?

back 234

bone fragility caused by hypominerization

front 235

What can delivery trauma lead to with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II?

back 235

intracranial hemorrhage

stillbirth

front 236

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV?

back 236

AKA Brittle bone

fractured or bowed

demineralization of bone

front 237

Whe does Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV occur?

back 237

can occur in 3rd trimester

usually does not present until after birth

front 238

What is the sonographic appearance of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV?

back 238

decreased echogenicity

fractures

cortical bone thinning

excessive trabecular bone transparency

front 239

What is Achondroplasia?

back 239

very short limbs and sometimes a face that is small in relation to the skull

front 240

What is VACTERL?

back 240

Vertebral defects

Anal atresia

Cardiac defects

TracheoEsophageal atresia

Renal anomalies

Limb anomolies

front 241

back 241

vacterl

front 242

back 242

Esophageal atresia

front 243

How many anomalies need to be present to be considered VACTERL?

back 243

3