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5 Radreview minimum patient exposure

front 1 Patient dose increases as fluoroscopic A FOV increases B FOV decreases C FSS increases D FSS decreases	back 1 B FOV decreases
front 2 Referring to the nomogram in Figure 3–3, what is the approximate patient ESE from an AP projection of the abdomen made at 105 cm using 70 kVp, 300 mA, 200 ms, and 2.5 mm Al total filtration? A 5 mR B 166 mR C 245 mR D 288 mR	back 2 288 mR
front 3 Which of the following statements is (are) true with respect to radiation safety in fluoroscopy? Tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 2.1 R/min/mA. Tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 10 R/min. In high-level fluoroscopy, tabletop intensity up to 20 R/min is permitted. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 3 1, 2, and 3
front 4 Which of the following most effectively minimizes radiation exposure to the patient? A Small focal spot B Low-ratio grids C Increased SID D High-speed intensifying screens	back 4 D High-speed intensifying screens

front 5 When an image intensifier's magnification mode is used, 1. output screen gain is increased. 2. resolution increases. 3. patient dose increases. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 5 C 2 and 3 only
front 6 Which of the dose–response curves shown in Figure 3–7 is representative of radiation-induced skin erythema? Dose–response curve A Dose–response curve B Dose–response curve C A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 6 C 3 only
front 7 If the exposure rate to an individual standing 2.0 m from a source of radiation is 15 R/min, what will be the dose received after 2 minutes at a distance of 5 m from the source? A 1.2 R B 2.4 R C 4.8 R D 9.6 R	back 7 C 4.8 R
front 8 Which one of the following is (are) used to control the production of scattered radiation? Collimators Optimal kV Use of grids A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 8 B 1 and 2 only

front 9 Moving the image intensifier closer to the patient during traditional fluoroscopy decreases the SID decreases patient dose improves image quality A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 9 D 1, 2, and 3
front 10 At least how many HVLs are required to reduce the intensity of a beam of monoenergetic photons to less than 10% of its original value? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5	back 10 C 4
front 11 Which of the following is (are) characteristic(s) of a 16:1 grid? It absorbs more useful radiation than an 8:1 grid. It has more centering latitude than an 8:1 grid. It is used with higher-kilovoltage exposures than an 8:1 grid. A 1 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 11 B 1 and 3 only
front 12 How does the use of rare earth intensifying screens contribute to lowering the patient dose? It permits the use of lower milliampere-seconds It permits the use of lower kilovolts peak (kVp) It eliminates the need for patient shielding A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 12 A 1 only

front 13 What is the approximate ESE for the average upright PA chest radiograph using 115 kVp and a grid? A 20 rad B 20 mrad C 200 rad D 200 mrad	back 13 B 20 mrad
front 14 Which of the following will reduce patient dose during fluoroscopy? 1. Decreasing the source-skin distance (SSD) 2. Using 2.5 mm Al filtration 3. Restricting tabletop intensity to less than 10 R/min A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 14 C 2 and 3 only
front 15 Which of the following is most likely to permit the greatest decrease in patient exposure? A Changing from a 200-speed system to a 400-speed system B Increasing kilovoltage by 15% and cutting the milliampere-seconds value in half C Changing collimation from 10 × 12 to 14 × 17 D Changing from an 8:1 grid technique to nongrid	back 15 D Changing from an 8:1 grid technique to nongrid
front 16 Which of the following projections is most likely to deliver the largest dose to the ovaries? A AP lumbar spine, 7 × 17 in. cassette, 80 kVp B AP lumbar spine, 14 × 17 in. cassette, 80 kVp C AP abdomen, 80 kVp D AP abdomen, 70 kVp	back 16 B AP lumbar spine, 14 × 17 in. cassette, 80 kVp

front 17 Which of the following tissues is (are) considered to be particularly radiosensitive? Intestinal mucous membrane Epidermis of extremities Optic nerves A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 17 A 1 only
front 18 Which one of the following is (are) used to control the production of scattered radiation? Collimators Optimal kV Use of grids A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 18 B 1 and 2 only
front 19 An increase in total filtration of the x-ray beam will increase A patient skin dose B beam HVL C image contrast D milliroentgen (mR) output	back 19 B beam HVL
front 20 What is the approximate ESE for the average AP lumbar spine radiograph? A 30 rad B 30 mrad C 300 rad D 350 mrad	back 20 D 350 mrad

front 21 If a patient received 2000 mrad during a 10-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? A 0.2 rad/min B 2.0 rad/min C 5 rad/min D 200 rad/min	back 21 A 0.2 rad/min
front 22 The source-to-table distance in fixed/stationary fluoroscopy must A be at least 15 in. B not exceed 15 in. C be at least 12 in. D not exceed 12 in.	back 22 A be at least 15 in.
front 23 If a patient received 1,400 mrad during a 7-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? A 200 rad/min B 5 rad/min C 2.0 rad/min D 0.2 rad/min	back 23 D 0.2 rad/min
front 24 Which of the following factors will affect both the quality and the quantity of the primary beam? Half-value layer (HVL) Kilovolts (kV) Milliamperes (mA) A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 24 B 1 and 2 only

front 25 The advantages of beam restriction include which of the following? Less scattered radiation is produced. Less biologic material is irradiated. Less total filtration will be necessary. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 25 B 1 and 2 only
front 26 The interaction illustrated in Figure 3–5 can pose a safety hazard to personnel can have a negative impact on image quality occurs with low-energy incident photons A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 26 B 1 and 2 only
front 27 What quantity of radiation exposure to the reproductive organs is required to cause temporary infertility? A 100 rad B 200 rad C 300 rad D 400 rad	back 27 B 200 rad
front 28 If a patient received 0.9 rad during a 3-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? A 3 mrad/min B 30 mrad/min C 300 mrad/min D 3,000 mrad/min	back 28 C 300 mrad/min

front 29 What is the approximate entrance skin exposure (ESE) for the average AP supine lumbar spine radiograph? A 350 rad B 350 mrad C 35 rad D 35 mrad	back 29 B 350 mrad
front 30 Which of the following radiation situations is potentially the most harmful? A A large dose to a specific area all at once B A small dose to the whole body over a period of time C A large dose to the whole body all at one time D A small dose to a specific area over a period of time	back 30 C A large dose to the whole body all at one time
front 31 How does filtration affect the primary beam? A It increases the average energy of the primary beam. B It decreases the average energy of the primary beam. C It makes the primary beam more penetrating. D It increases the intensity of the primary beam.	back 31 A It increases the average energy of the primary beam.
front 32 Which of the following result(s) from restriction of the x-ray beam? Less scattered radiation production Less patient hazard Less radiographic contrast A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 32 B 1 and 2 only

front 33 Which of the following has (have) an effect on the amount and type of radiation-induced tissue damage? Quality of radiation Type of tissue being irradiated Fractionation A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 33 D 1, 2, and 3
front 34 Filtration is added to the x-ray beam to A decrease photoelectric interaction. B remove the "hard" x-rays. C produce a more heterogeneous x-ray beam. D produce an x-ray beam with higher average energy.	back 34 D produce an x-ray beam with higher average energy.
front 35 Which of the following will increase patient dose during fluoroscopy? Decreasing the SSD Using 2.5 mm Al filtration Restricting tabletop intensity to less than 10 R/min A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 35 A 1 only
front 36 How many HVLs are required to reduce the intensity of a beam of monoenergetic photons to less than 15% of its original value? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5	back 36 B 3

front 37 The focal spot-to-table distance in mobile fluoroscopy must A be at least 15 inches. B not exceed 15 inches. C be at least 12 inches. D not exceed 12 inches.	back 37 C be at least 12 inches.
front 38 Gonadal shielding should be provided for male patients in which of the following examinations? Femur Abdomen Pelvis A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 38 D 1, 2, and 3
front 39 Which of the following is (are) likely to improve image quality and decrease patient dose? Beam restriction Low kilovolt and high milliampere- second factors Grids A 1 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 39 A 1 only
front 40 Radiation safety requirements for fluoroscopic equipment include the following: 1. SSD at least 38 cm on stationary (fixed) equipment. 2. SSD at least 30 cm on mobile equipment. 3. high level/boost mode must have continuous audible signal. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 40 D 1, 2, and 3

front 41 To radiograph an infant for suspected free air within the abdominal cavity, which of the following projections of the abdomen will demonstrate the condition with the least patient exposure? A PA erect with grid B Left lateral decubitus with grid C Left lateral decubitus without grid D Recumbent AP without grid	back 41 C Left lateral decubitus without grid
front 42 All the following have an effect on patient dose except A kilovoltage B milliampere-seconds C focal spot size D inherent filtration	back 42 C focal spot size
front 43 Which of the following is (are) associated with Compton scattering? 1. High-energy incident photons 2. Outer-shell electrons 3. Characteristic radiation A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 43 B 1 and 2 only
front 44 The most efficient type of male gonadal shielding for use during fluoroscopy is A flat contact B shaped contact (contour) C shadow D cylindrical	back 44 B shaped contact (contour)

front 45 What is the approximate entrance skin exposure (ESE) for the average anteroposterior (AP) supine abdomen radiograph? A 300 rad B 300 mrad C 35 rad D 35 mrad	back 45 B 300 mrad
front 46 Which of the following would be the safest interval of time for a fertile woman to undergo abdominal radiography without significant concern for irradiating a recently fertilized ovum? A The first 10 days following the cessation of menstruation B The first 10 days following the onset of menstruation C The 10 days preceding the onset of menstruation D About 14 days before menstruation	back 46 B The first 10 days following the onset of menstruation
front 47 An increase of 1.0 mm added aluminum filtration of the x-ray beam would have which of the following effects? Increase in average energy of the beam Increase in patient skin dose Increase in milliroentgen output A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 47 A 1 only
front 48 The automatic exposure device that is located immediately under the x-ray table is the A ionization chamber B scintillation camera C photomultiplier D photocathode	back 48 A ionization chamber

front 49 If the exposure rate to an individual standing 4.0 m from a source of radiation is 10 mR/h, what will be the dose received after 20 minutes at a distance of 6 m from the source? A 22.5 mR B 7.5 mR C 4.44 mR D 1.48 mR	back 49 D 1.48 mR
front 50 Which of the following terms is correctly used to describe x-ray beam quality? A mA B HVL C Intensity D Dose rate	back 50 B HVL
front 51 At least how many HVLs are required to reduce the intensity of a beam of monoenergetic photons to less than 10% of its original value? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5	back 51 C 4
front 52 All of the following device(s) are generally used to help reduce patient dose, except grid collimator gonad shield A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 52 A 1 only

front 53 If a patient received 4,500 mrad during a 6-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? A 0.75 rad/min B 2.7 rad/min C 7.5 rad/min D 27 rad/hr	back 53 A 0.75 rad/min
front 54 Guidelines for the use of protective shielding state that gonadal shielding should be used if the patient has reasonable reproductive potential when the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field when tight collimation is not possible A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 54 B 1 and 2 only
front 55 Which of the following groups of exposure factors will deliver the least patient dose? A 300 mA, 250 ms, 70 kVp B 300 mA, 125 ms, 80 kVp C 400 mA, 90 ms, 80 kVp D 600 mA, 30 ms, 90 kVp	back 55 D 600 mA, 30 ms, 90 kVp
front 56 Which of the following methods can be used to reduce radiation exposure to a recently fertilized ovum? Elective booking Patient questionnaire The 10-day rule A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 56 D 1, 2, and 3

front 57 All of the following have an effect on patient dose except A inherent filtration. B added filtration. C SID. D focal spot size.	back 57 D focal spot size.
front 58 Classify the following tissues in order of increasing radiosensitivity Liver cells Intestinal crypt cells Muscle cells A 1, 3, 2 B 2, 3, 1 C 2, 1, 3 D 3, 1, 2	back 58 D 3, 1, 2
front 59 Which of the following functions to protect the x-ray tube and the patient from overexposure in the event that the phototimer fails to terminate an exposure? A Circuit breaker B Fuse C Backup timer D Rheostat	back 59 C Backup timer
front 60 Which of the following will produce the most significant increase in patient dose? A Decreased mAs B Decreased SID C Increased filtration D Increased kVp	back 60 B Decreased SID

front 61 Which of the following is most likely to result in the greatest increase in patient exposure? A Changing from a 400 speed system to a 200 speed system B Increasing kVp 15% and cutting mAs in half C Using two tomographic cuts instead of two plain images D From nongrid technique to 8:1 grid	back 61 D From nongrid technique to 8:1 grid
front 62 Lateral deviation of the nasal septum may be best demonstrated in the A lateral projection B PA axial (Caldwell method) projection C parietoacanthal (Waters method) projection D AP axial (Towne method) projection	back 62 C parietoacanthal (Waters method) projection
front 63 Reducing the number of repeat images is an important way to decrease patient exposure and can be accomplished by 1. good patient communication. 2. accurate positioning skills. 3. using AEC. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 63 D 1, 2, and 3
front 64 The principal function of filtration in the x-ray tube is to reduce A patient skin dose B operator exposure C scattered radiation D image noise	back 64 A patient skin dose

front 65 Inherent and added filtration in the x-ray tube functions to A reduce patient skin dose. B shorten the scale of contrast. C reduce scattered radiation. D soften the x-ray beam.	back 65 A reduce patient skin dose.
front 66 Patient dose during fluoroscopy is affected by the distance between the patient and the input phosphor amount of magnification tissue density A 1 only B 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 66 D 1, 2, and 3
front 67 From which of the following primary beam sizes, all other factors remaining constant, will the greatest radiation exposure result? A 8 × 10 B 10 × 12 C 11 × 14 D 14 × 17	back 67 D 14 × 17
front 68 Which of the following groups of exposure factors will deliver the least amount of exposure to the patient? A 400 mA, 0.25 second, 100 kVp B 600 mA, 0.33 second, 90 kVp C 800 mA, 0.5 second, 80 kVp D 800 mA, 1.0 second, 70 kVp	back 68 A 400 mA, 0.25 second, 100 kVp

front 69 Which of the following safeguards is (are) taken to prevent inadvertent irradiation in early pregnancy? Patient postings Patient questionnaire Elective booking A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 69 D 1, 2, and 3
front 70 A fluoroscopic examination requires 3 minutes of exposure on time. If the exposure rate for the examination is 250 mR/hr, what is the approximate exposure for the three minute procedure? A 83.3 R B 83.3 mR C 12.5 R D 12.5 mR	back 70 D 12.5 mR
front 71 The largest amount of diagnostic x-ray absorption is most likely to occur in which of the following tissues? A Lung B Adipose C Muscle D Bone	back 71 D Bone
front 72 The measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue is termed A the characteristic effect B Compton scatter C linear energy transfer D the photoelectric effect	back 72 C linear energy transfer

front 73 The primary function of filtration is to reduce A patient skin dose. B operator dose. C image noise. D scattered radiation.	back 73 A patient skin dose.
front 74 With milliamperes (mA) increased to maintain output intensity, how is the ESE affected as the source-to-skin distance (SSD) is increased? A The ESE increases. B The ESE decreases. C The ESE remains unchanged. D ESE is unrelated to SSD.	back 74 B The ESE decreases.
front 75 Which of the following is (are) important for patient protection during fluoroscopic procedures? 1. Intermittent fluoroscopy 2. Fluoroscopic field size 3. Focus-to-table distance A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 75 D 1, 2, and 3
front 76 Filters used in radiographic x-ray tubes generally are composed of A aluminum B copper C tin D lead	back 76 A aluminum

front 77 Which of the following interactions between x-ray photons and matter involves a high-energy photon and the ejection of an outer shell electron? A Photoelectric effect B Coherent scatter C Compton scatter D Pair production	back 77 C Compton scatter
front 78 The primary function of filtration is to reduce A patient skin dose B operator dose C image noise D scattered radiation	back 78 A patient skin dose
front 79 A minimum total amount of aluminum filtration (inherent plus added) of 2.5 mm is required in equipment operated A above 50 kVp B above 60 kVp C above 70 kVp D above 80 kVp	back 79 C above 70 kVp
front 80 Which of the following would be most likely to cause the greatest skin dose (ESE)? A Short SID B High kilovoltage C Increased filtration D Increased milliamperage	back 80 A Short SID

front 81 In which of the following examinations would a cassette front with very low absorption properties be especially important? A Abdominal radiography B Extremity radiography C Angiography D Mammography	back 81 D Mammography
front 82 The recommendation of "elective booking" states that elective abdominal radiographic examinations on women of reproductive age should be limited to the A 10 days following the menses. B 10 days following the onset of menses. C 10 days before the onset of menses. D last 10 days of the menstrual cycle.	back 82 B 10 days following the onset of menses.
front 83 Methods of reducing radiation exposure to patients and/or personnel include 1. beam restriction. 2. shielding. 3. high-kV, low-mAs factors. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 83 D 1, 2, and 3
front 84 The reduction in x-ray photon intensity as the photon passes through a material is termed A absorption. B scattering. C attenuation. D divergence.	back 84 C attenuation.

front 85 When the collimated field must extend past the edge of the body, allowing primary radiation to strike the tabletop, as in a lateral lumbar spine radiograph, what may be done to prevent excessive radiographic density owing to undercutting? A Reduce the milliampere-seconds. B Reduce the kilovoltage. C Use a shorter SID. D Use lead rubber to absorb tabletop primary radiation.	back 85 D Use lead rubber to absorb tabletop primary radiation.
front 86 All the following function to reduce patient dose except A beam restriction B high kVp, low mAs factors C a high-ratio grid D a high-speed imaging system	back 86 C a high-ratio grid
front 87 Types of structural damage to a DNA molecule by ionizing radiation include which of the following? single-side-rail scission double-side-rail scission cross-linking A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 2 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 87 D 1, 2, and 3
front 88 It is necessary to question a female patient of childbearing age regarding her date of last menstrual period possibility of being pregnant age at her first pregnancy A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 88 B 1 and 2 only

front 89 Replacing 200-speed intensifying screens with 400-speed screens will require the exposure to be cut in half. enable the radiographer to decrease the exposure time. increase the production of scattered radiation. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 89 B 1 and 2 only
front 90 A test radiograph like the one pictured in Figure A would be made by the radiation safety officer (RSO) or equipment service person and is used to evaluate Figure A. Courtesy of Stamford Hospital, Department of Radiology A focal spot size. B linearity. C collimator alignment. D spatial resolution.	back 90 C collimator alignment.
front 91 The SSD in mobile fluoroscopy must be A a minimum of 15 in. B a maximum of 15 in. C a minimum of 12 in. D a maximum of 12 in.	back 91 C a minimum of 12 in.
front 92 The reduction in the intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through material is termed A absorption B scattering C attenuation D divergence	back 92 C attenuation

front 93 The interaction between x-ray photons and tissue that is responsible for radiographic contrast but that also contributes significantly to patient dose is A the photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C coherent scatter D pair production	back 93 A the photoelectric effect
front 94 Which of the following contributes most to patient dose? A The photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C Classic scatter D Thompson scatter	back 94 A The photoelectric effect
front 95 For radiographic examinations of the skull, it is generally preferred that the skull be examined in the A AP projection B PA projection C recumbent position D supine position	back 95 B PA projection
front 96 It is essential to question female patients of childbearing age regarding the date of their last menstrual period possibility of their being pregnant number of x-ray examinations they have had in the past 12 months A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 96 B 1 and 2 only

front 97 Aluminum filtration has its greatest effect on A low-energy x-ray photons B high-energy x-ray photons C low-energy scattered photons D high-energy scattered photons	back 97 A low-energy x-ray photons
front 98 The focal spot-to-table distance, in mobile fluoroscopy, must be A a minimum of 15 inches. B a maximum of 15 inches. C a minimum of 12 inches. D a maximum of 12 inches.	back 98 C a minimum of 12 inches.
front 99 If a patient received 2000 mrad during a 10-minute fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? A 0.02 rad/min B 0.2 rad/min C 2.0 rad/min D 20 rad/min	back 99 B 0.2 rad/min
front 100 Which of the following groups of exposure factors would deliver the lowest patient dose? A 2.5 mAs, 100 kVp, 400-speed screens B 10 mAs, 90 kVp, 200-speed screens C 10 mAs, 70 kVp, 800-speed screens D 10 mAs, 80 kVp, 400-speed screens	back 100 A 2.5 mAs, 100 kVp, 400-speed screens

front 101 Patient exposure can be minimized by using which of the following? 1. Accurate positioning 2. High-kV, low-mAs factors 3. Rare earth screens A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 101 D 1, 2, and 3
front 102 Types of gonadal shielding include which of the following? Flat contact Shaped contact (contour) Shadow A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 102 D 1, 2, and 3
front 103 If the entrance dose for a particular radiograph is 320 mR, the radiation exposure at 1 m from the patient will be approximately A 32 mR. B 3.2 mR. C 0.32 mR. D 0.032 mR.	back 103 C 0.32 mR.