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Medical Microbiology

front 1

1) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

A) use a magnifying glass.
B) develop a taxonomic system.
C) view protozoa and bacteria.
D) disprove spontaneous generation.
E) prove the germ theory.

back 1

C

front 2

2) The microbes commonly known as __________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.

A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) fungi
D) protozoa
E) viruses

back 2

D

front 3

3) Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?

A) The group includes seaweeds and kelps.
B) They are photosynthetic organisms.
C) They provide most of the oxygen on Earth.
D) They are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.
E) They are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.

back 3

D

front 4

4) Microbes that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen are called

A) anaerobes.
B) facultative anaerobes.
C) obligate parasites.
D) archaea.
E) prokaryotes.

back 4

B

front 5

5) Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?

A) Pasteur
B) Needham
C) Redi
D) Buchner
E) Spallanzani

back 5

B

front 6

6) The microbial production of alcohol from sugar is known as

A) fermentation.
B) pasteurization.
C) metabolism.
D) abiogenesis.
E) antisepsis.

back 6

A

front 7

7) Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A) Fungi are eukaryotes.
B) Molds form hyphae.
C) Fungi have a cell wall.
D) Fungi are photosynthetic.
E) Yeasts are unicellular

back 7

D

front 8

8) Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE?

A) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases.
B) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory.
C) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be proven to cause a particular disease.
D) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts.
E) A suspected pathogen must be found in the majority of individuals with a particular disease.

back 8

E

front 9

9) Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A) Nightingale
B) Snow
C) Ehrlich
D) Lister
E) Semmelweis

back 9

D

front 10

10) The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called

A) etiology.
B) immunology.
C) chemotherapy.
D) molecular biology.
E) epidemiology.

back 10

B

front 11

11) Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A) What causes disease?
B) How do genes work?
C) Is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?
D) How are microbes related?
E) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?

back 11

E

front 12

12) The microbial activity of __________ is responsible for the production of various foods.

A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) fungi
D) protozoa
E) both fungi and bacteria

back 12

E

front 13

13) What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes?

A) Woese
B) Avery
C) Ehrlich
D) Kluyver
E) Pauling

back 13

E

front 14

14) Work by __________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology.

A) Redi and Spallanzani
B) Koch and Pasteur
C) Beijerinck and Winogradsky
D) Lister and Semmelweis
E) Pauling and Woese

back 14

C

front 15

15) According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?

A) They are shared by all living things.
B) There are an unlimited number of them.
C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions.
D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.
E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups

back 15

D

front 16

16) Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

A) cholera
B) puerperal fever
C) smallpox
D) anthrax
E) syphilis

back 16

B

front 17

17) Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

A) cholera.
B) cancer.
C) anthrax.
D) smallpox.
E) syphilis.

back 17

E

front 18

18) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A) They are visible with a light microscope.
B) They are acellular.
C) They are composed of genetic material and protein.
D) They are smaller than prokaryotic cells.
E) They are obligatory parasites.

back 18

A

front 19

19) The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a __________ pathogen.

A) bacterial
B) protozoal
C) fungal
D) viral
E) archaeal

back 19

D

front 20

20) All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century EXCEPT

A) Snow.
B) Spallanzani.
C) Nightingale.
D) Semmelweis.
E) Lister.

back 20

B

front 21

21) Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes?

A) fungus
B) protozoan
C) prokaryote
D) alga
E) virus

back 21

A

front 22

22) Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of

A) etiology.
B) genetic engineering.
C) immunology.
D) microbial genetics.
E) gene therapy.

back 22

B

front 23

23) Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation?

A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape.
B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.
C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.
D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened.
E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.

back 23

E

front 24

24) Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called

A) spores.
B) enzymes.
C) genes.
D) protozoa.
E) flagella.

back 24

B

front 25

25) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

A) Most exhibit asexual reproduction.
B) They are single-celled organisms.
C) They are eukaryotic organisms.
D) They are the microbes most similar to plants.
E) They frequently possess cilia or flagella.

back 25

D

front 26

26) Which of the following scientists was the first to develop a taxonomic system for classifying organisms?

A) Linnaeus
B) Needham
C) Leeuwenhoek
D) Lister
E) Pasteur

back 26

A

front 27

27) Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice?

A) Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
B) Bacteria produce acid in grape juice.
C) Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.
D) Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.
E) Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.

back 27

C

front 28

28) Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the latest:
I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.
II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.
III. Woese discovers the archaea.
IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bullet."

A) III, IV, I, II, V
B) V, IV, I, III, II
C) IV, I, V, II, III
D) III, V, II, IV, I
E) IV, I, II, V, III

back 28

E

front 29

29) John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?

A) infection control
B) epidemiology
C) immunology
D) both infection control and epidemiology
E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

back 29

D

front 30

30) Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT

A) the cause of anthrax.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
D) the cause of tuberculosis.
E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.

back 30

B

front 31

31) Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

A) protozoa: multicellular
B) fungi: cell walls
C) algae: aquatic and marine habitats
D) prokaryotes: no nuclei
E) viruses: acellular parasites

back 31

A

front 32

32) What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin?

A) yellow fever
B) cholera
C) anthrax
D) malaria
E) tuberculosis

back 32

C

front 33

33) The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by

A) developing techniques for isolating pathogens.
B) developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.
C) identifying the sources of infectious agents.
D) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes.
E) developing vaccines.

back 33

B

front 34

34) Who discovered penicillin?

A) Fleming
B) Ehrlich
C) Kitasato
D) Pasteur
E) Domagk

back 34

A

front 35

35) All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT

A) Koch.
B) Pauling.
C) Fracastoro.
D) Snow.
E) Pasteur.

back 35

B

front 36

36) Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

A) fungi.
B) pathogens.
C) eukaryotes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) viruses.

back 36

D

front 37

37) The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is

A) antisepsis.
B) prokaryote.
C) chemotherapy.
D) recombinant technology.
E) nosocomial.

back 37

A

front 38

38) The term __________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.

A) abiogenesis
B) bioremediation
C) spontaneous generation
D) nosocomial
E) archaea

back 38

D

front 39

39) The term __________ literally means "produces disease."

A) prokaryote
B) pathogen
C) nosocomial
D) facultative anaerobe
E) animalcule

back 39

B

front 40

40) The study of the causation of disease is known as

A) epidemiology.
B) immunology.
C) biotechnology.
D) etiology.
E) chemotherapy.

back 40

D

front 41

41) The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

A) epidemiology.
B) bioremediation.
C) chemotherapy.
D) serology.
E) ecology.

back 41

B

front 42

42) The term __________ means the study of the blood components that fight infection.

A) antisepsis
B) chemotherapy
C) etiology
D) serology
E) bioremediation

back 42

D

front 43

43) The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as

A) biotechnology.
B) epidemiology.
C) molecular biology.
D) serology.
E) biochemistry.

back 43

B

front 44

44) The taxonomic scheme developed by Linnaeus remains largely unchanged in modern biology.

A - True

B - False

back 44

B

front 45

45) Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

A - Ture

B - False

back 45

A

front 46

46) The production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.

A - True

B - False

back 46

B

front 47

47) Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans.

A - Ture

B - False

back 47

A

front 48

48) Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

A - True

B - False

back 48

B

front 49

49) Koch's postulates can be used only to prove the causes of infectious diseases.

A - True

B - False

back 49

A

front 50

50) Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

A - True

B - False

back 50

B

front 51

51) Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent.

A - Ture

B - False

back 51

B

front 52

52) Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.

A - True

B - False

back 52

A

front 53

53) Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

A - True

B - False

back 53

A

front 54

54) Microbes that move by means of cilia are __________.

back 54

protozoa

front 55

55) A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) __________ cell.

back 55

eukaryotic

front 56

56) A(n) __________ organism makes its own food using solar energy.

back 56

photosynthetic

front 57

57) Microbes that cause infectious disease are called __________.

back 57

pathogens

front 58

58) An asexual method of reproduction associated with yeasts is __________.

back 58

budding

front 59

59) A(n) __________ is a potential explanation for a set of observations made by a scientist studying a phenomenon.

back 59

hypothesis

front 60

60) Bacteria that can live without oxygen are termed __________.

back 60

anaerobic

front 61

61) Robert Koch discovered the cause of __________, a disease of animals that can be spread to humans.

back 61

anthrax

front 62

62) A(n) __________ is a mass of cells that are descended from a single cell through successive cell divisions.

back 62

colony

front 63

63) The first true vaccine provided protection from disease caused by a(n) __________.

back 63

virus

front 64

64) Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of __________ as a means of preventing disease transmission.

back 64

handwashing

front 65

65) A term synonymous with immunization, __________ is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus.

back 65

vaccination

front 66

66) The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called __________.

back 66

chemotherapy

front 67

67) Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are often studied in __________ microbiology.

back 67

environmental

front 68

68) The __________ of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism.

back 68

metabolism