front 1 GONADOTROPINS
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
FSH | back 1 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES AND TESTES
FUNCTION: REGULATE GAMETE PRODUCTION.
WITH LH, STIMULATES THE MATURATION
OF AND EGG. |
front 2 GONADOTROPINS
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
LH | back 2 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES AND TESTES
FUNCTION: STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF GONADAL
HORMONES, TRIGGERSS OVULATION,
PROMOTES SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF
OVARIAN HORMONES. IN MALES, ITS CALLED ICSH(INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE)WHICH STIMULATES THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF THE TESTES TO PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE. |
front 3 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
ACTH
AKA CORTICOTROPIN | back 3 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY CORTICOTROPE CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: ADRENAL CORTEX
FUNCTION: CONTROLS THE PRRODUCTION AND
RELEASE OF THE SEX STEROIDS
(ESTROGENS, ANDROGENS AND
PROGESTERONE), THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS
AND THE MINERALOCORTICOIDS |
front 4 THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
AKA THYROTROPIN
TSH | back 4 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY THYROTROPE CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: THYROID GLAND
FUNCTION: CONTROLS PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF
THYROID HORMONES WHICH CONTROLS
METABOLIC RATE |
front 5 GROWTH HORMONE
GH
(GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE-GHRH, GROWTH
HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE-GHIH) | back 5 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARY BY SOMATOTROPIC CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: LIVER, MUSCLES, BONES
FUNCTION: AFFECTS GROWTH RATE DETERMINING BODY
SIZE
DISEASE: EXCESS GH: ACROMEGALY-OVERGROWTH OF
BONES IN HANDS
GIGANTISM IN CHILDREN
LACK GH: DWARFISM |
| back 6 ORIGIN: ANTERIOR PITUITARYBY LACTOTROPES
TARGET TISSUE: MAMMARY GLANDS, CORPUS LUTEUM
FUNCTION: STIMULATES BREAST DEVELOPMENT AND
PROMOTES AND MAINTAINS LACTATION BY
THE MAMMARY GLANDS AFTER CHILDBIRTH.
MAY ALSO STIMULATE TESTERONE
PRODUCTION IN MALES. |
| back 7 ORIGIN: HYPOTHALAMUS STORED IN POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: UTERUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
FUNCTION: STIMULATES POWERFUL UTERINE
CONTRACTIONS DURING BIRTH AND COITUS
AND ALSO CAUSES MILK EJECTION IN THE
LACTATING MOTHER |
front 8 ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
ADH
AKA VASOPRESSIN | back 8 ORIGIN: HYPOTHALAMUS STORED IN THE POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
TARGET TISSUE: KIDNEY TUBULES
FUNCTIONS: CAUSES THE DISTAL AND COLLECTING
TUBULES OF THE KIDNEYS TO REABSORB
MORE WATER FROM THE URINARY FILTRATE,
THEREBY REDUCING URING OUTPUT AND
CONSERVING BODY WATER.
DISEASES: DIABETES INSIPIDUS AKA POLYURIA-
HYPOSECRETION OF ADH RESULTS IN
DEHYDRATION FROM EXCESSIVE URINE OUTPUT |
| back 9 ORIGIN: PINEAL GLAND
TARGET TISSUE: BRAIN
FUNCTION: EXHIBITS A DIURNAL(DAILY) CYCLE. PEAKS AT NIGHT, MAKING US DRWOSY AND IS LOWEST AROUND NOON. IN HUMANS IT APPEARS TO EXERT SOME INHIBITORY EFFECT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THAT PREVENTS PRECOCIOUS SEXUAL MATURATION. |
front 10 THYROID HORMONE
T3(TRIIODOTHYRONINE), T4(THYROXINE) | back 10 ORIGIN: THYROID GLAND
TARGET TISSUE: BODY CELLS
FUNCTIONS: CONTROL THE RATE OF BODY METABOLISM
AND CELLULAR OXIDATION
DISEASES: MYXEDEMA-HYPOSECRETION OF T4, CONDITION OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL SLUGGISHNESS.
HYPERSECRETION CAUSES ELEVATED GRAVE'S DISEASE-HYPERTHYROIDISM-METABOLIC RATE,NERVOUSNESS, WEIGHT LOSS, SWEATING, AND IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT
CRETINISM-SEVERE HYPOTHYROIDISM IN INFANTS |
| back 11 ORIGIN: THYROID GLAND BY PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
TARGET TISSUE: BONES (OSTEOBLASTS)
FUNCTIONS: DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS BY
STIMULATING CALCIUM SALT DEPOSITS
***ANTAGONIST OF PARATHYROID HORMONE-LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS*** |
| back 12 ORIGIN: PARATHYROID GLANDS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: REGULATES CALCIUM BALANCE OF THE
BLOOD, AND STIMULATES THE KIDNEYS TO
CONVERT VITAMIN D TO ITS ACTIVE D3
FORM, CALCITRIOL
DISEASES: TETANY PROLONGED MUSCLE SPASMS THA TCAN RESULT IN RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS AND DEAT DUE TO HYPOSECRETION.
HYPERSECRETION CAUSES LOSS OF CALCIUM FROM BONES, CAUSING DEFORMATION, SOFTENING AND SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES.
***ANTAGONIST OF CACITONIN-INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS*** |
front 13 THYMULIN, THYMOSINS, AND THYMOPOIETINS | back 13 ORIGIN: THYMUS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: AID IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF T-LYMPHOCYTES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. |
front 14 EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE | back 14 ORIGIN: ADRENAL GLANDS
TARGET TISSUE:
FUNCTIONS: ACT IN CONJUNCTIN WITH THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ELICIT THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE TO STRESSORS. INCREASE OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY, BREAKDOWN IN GLYCOGEN. |
| back 15 ORIGIN: PANCREAS (ACTS AND ENDOCRINE AND EXCRONE GLAND)
TARGET TISSUE: ALL BODY CELLS
FUNCTIONS: DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS BC OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS, PRIMARILY BY ACCELERATING THE TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE IN THE BODY CELLS WHERE IT IS OXIDIZED FOR ENERGY OR CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN OR FAT FOR STORAGE
DISEASES: DIABETES MELLITUS-INABILITY OF BODY CELLS TO UTILIZE GLUCOSE AND THE SUBSEQUENT LOSS OF GLUCOSE IN URINE.
HYPOGLYCEMIA-HYPERSECRETION OF INSULIN CAUSES LOW BLOOD SUGAR |
| back 16 ORIGIN: PANCREAS
TARGET TISSUES: LIVER
FUNCTIONS: WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE LOE, IT STIUMULATES THE LIVER, ITS PRIMARY TARGET ORGAN, TO BREAK DOWN GLYCOGEN STORES TO GLUCOSE AND SUBSEQUENTLY TO RELEASE THE GLUCOSE TO THE BLOOD. |
| back 17 ORIGIN: GONADS
TARGET TISSUE: OVARIES
FUNCTIONS: RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEMALE AT PUBERTY (PRIMARILY MATURATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREASTS AND ACT WITH PROGESTERONE TO BRING ABOUT CYCLIC CHANGES OF THE UTERINE LINING THAT OCCUR DURING THE MENSTURAL CYCLE. ALSO HELPS THE MAMMARY GLANDS FOR LACTATION |
| back 18 ORIGIN: FEMALE GONADS
TARGET TISSUES: OVARIES
FUNCTIONS: DURING PREGNANCY, IT HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE UTERINE MUSCULATURE IN A QUIESCENT STATE AND HELPS TO PREPARE THE BREAST TISSUE FOR LACTATION |
| back 19 ORIGIN: MALE GONADS
TARGET TISSUE: TESTES
FUNCTIONS: PROMOTES MATURATION OF MALE SEX ORGANS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, AND SEX DRIVE DURING PUBERTY. NECESSARY FOR NORMAL SPERM PRODUCTION AND MAINTAIN THE REPORDUCTIVE ORGANS IN THEIR MATURE FUNCTIONAL STATES |
| back 20 1)2ND MAJOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BODY.
2)ACTING WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, IT HELPS COORDINATE AND INTEGRATE THE ACTIVITY OF THE BODY'S CELLS.
3)THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EMPLOYS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMULSES TO BRING ABOUT RAPID CONTROL WHEREAS THE MORE SLOWLY ACTING ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EMPLOYS "CHEMICAL MESSENGERS" HORMONES, WHICH ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY |
| back 21 ORGANS THAT RESPOND TO A PARTICULAR HORMONE, WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE HORMONE TO BIND WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (PROTEINS) OCCURRING ON THE CELLS' PLASMA MEMBRANE OR WITHIN THE CELLS. |
front 22 PURELY ENDOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCING GLANDS | back 22 ANTERIOR PITUITARY, THYROID(CONSIDERED TO BE THE ONLY TRUE ENDOCRINE GLAND), ADRENALS, PARATHYROIDS |
front 23 BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCING
GLANDS | |
front 24 PITUITARY GLANDS AKA HYPOPHYSIS | back 24 LOCATED IN THE HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA OF THE SELLA TURCICA OF THE SPHENOID BONE. CONTAINS TWO LOBES: ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS) |
| back 25 ATTATCHES THE PITUITARY GLAND TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS |
front 26 PARAFOLLICULAR OR C CELLS | back 26 RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CALCITONIN PRODUCTION |
| back 27 SYNTHESIZE PARATHYROID HORMONES, ARE MALL AND ABUNDANT AND ARRANGED IN THICK BRANCHING CORDS. |
| back 28 PRODUCES THE EXOCRINE SECRETION OF HYDROLITIC ENZYMES THAT IS RELEASED INTO THE DUODENUM THROUGHT THE PANCREATIC DUCT |
front 29 PANCREATIC ISLETS(ISLET OF LANGERHANS) | back 29 ENDOCRINE PORTINS OF THE PANCREAS. CONTAINS ALPHA CELLS, WHICH TEND TO CLUSTER AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE ISLETS AND PRODUCE GLUCAGON AND BETA CELLS, WHICH SYNTHESIZE INSULIN. |
| back 30 PRODUCES GROWTH HORMONES AND PROLACTIN |
| back 31 DEEP BLUE GRANULES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TROPIC HORMONES (TSH, ACTH, FSH, AND LH) |
| back 32 ROLES OF IS CONTROVERSIAL, BUT THEY APPARENTLY ARE NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN HORMONE PRODUCTION |
| back 33 MOST MINERALOCORTICOID PRODUCTION OCCURS, TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN SPHERICAL CLUSTERS |
| back 34 DEEPER INTERMEDIATE LAYER PRODUCES GLUCOCORTICOIDS, THE THICKEST PART OF THE CORTEX, ITS CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN PARALLEL CORDS. |
| back 35 THE INNERMOST CORTICAL ZONE WHICH PRODUCES SEX HORMONES AND SOME GLUCOCORTICOIDS, FORMS A BRANCHING NETWORK |
| back 36 CHEMICAL MESSENGERS WHICH ARE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY |
front 37 THE PITUITARY GLAND, AKA THE _______________, IS LOCATED IN THE SELLA TURCICA OF THE SPHENOID BONE. | |