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Psychology Social Psychology from powerpoint

front 1 Social Psychology	back 1 Social Psychology looks at both intrapersonal (attitudes, persuasion, social cognition, cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal (relations with others, group dynamics, social influence, interpersonal attraction) phenomena Discovering Psychology - The Power of the Situation
front 2 Attribution Process and Theory	back 2 How we attach meaning to other’s behavior, or our own, is called attribution Attribution theory (Fritz Heider) People naturally see cause and effect relationships and seek to explain behavior Dispositional versus situational attribution Fundamental attribution error (others) Self-serving bias (also defensive attribution) self only Actor-observer effect Why were you late for class? Why was Jimmy late for class? Why did you fail the Psych test? Jimmy? Just-world hypothesis
front 3 Cognitive Dissonance	back 3 Cognitive dissonance The tension caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously. Includes attitudes and beliefs, and actions Theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people seek to reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, or by justifying or rationalizing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in order to seek cognitive consistency (Festinger)
front 4 Cognitive Dissonance: Attitudes and Actions	back 4 According to Leon Festinger we seek cognitive consistency by bringing our attitudes closer to our actions called theory of cognitive dissonance or balance theory Tedious task experiment $$ (Festinger) Festinger CD A(ttitude)-B(ehavior) Problem – To what extent do behaviors affect attitudes? Can one predict the other?

front 5 Cognitive Dissonance and Behavior	back 5 Role playing Subjects in a role often begin to “become” the role. Behavior affects attitudes and reduces dissonance (e.g. role playing – “I’m a teacher, dad, scholar…”) Zimbardo prison pathology experiments Foot-in-the-door theory The tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one (cheating, lying, drug use, torture…it’s a slippery slope!). Reduces initial dissonance. Also used in persuasion/sales Effort justification the tendency to find something more attractive if you have to work hard to achieve it, Examples?
front 6 Role Playing and Zimbardo	back 6 Role playing and deindividuation and situational influences Zimbardo prison experiments - ZimbardoPE - Zimbardo DN - The Stanford Prison Experiment
front 7 Deindividuation	back 7 Deindividuation into a group results in a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group. Examples? -Anonymity -Diffused responsibility -Group size The Lucifer Effect: Abu Ghraib Daily Show Zimbardo
front 8 Social Influence and Conformity & Obedience	back 8 Conformity influences the maintenance of social norms and allows society to function smoothly Other behaviors may be an expression of compliance (obedience) toward authority

front 9 Social Conformity (Asch)	back 9 Asch’s conformity experiments Asch study What are the factors which affect degree of conformity? Normative social influence v. Informational social influence
front 10 Reasons for Conformity	back 10 Normative Social Influence Results from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection. Public compliance, but doubt. Number, strength and immediacy. Asch Conformity Studies Two polar bears are sitting in a bathtub. The first one says, "Pass the soap". The second one says, "No soap, radio!" (anti-humor – false and negative understanding) ConformityCC
front 11 Reasons for Conformity - Informational	back 11 Informational Social Influence Look to group to make accurate judgments Also called social proof. It occurs most often when The situation is ambiguous. There is a crisis. We have no time to think and experiment. A decision is required now!
front 12 Other Types of Conformity & Phenomena	back 12 -Chameleon effect -Mood linkage (emotional or social contagion) -Suggestibility

front 13 Obedience to Authority	back 13 The Milgram Experiments -Milgram Video -The Power of the Situation
front 14 Social Obedience (Milgram)	back 14 Results and Explanations for Milgram’s Obedience to Authority experiments -Socialization (normative influence) -Foot in the door phenomenon -Perception of legitimate authority -Diffusion of responsibility -Inaccessibility of values -Lack of social comparison -Physical and psychological buffers (proximity, depersonalization) Ethicality of the experiment?
front 15 Social Identity Theory and Prejudice	back 15 Social Identity Theory Identity is formed through the groups to which we belong. We are motivated to improve the image and status of our own group in comparison with others (Tajfel) Categorizing people (including oneself) into ingroups or outgroups affects perceptions, attitudes, and behavior (key source of prejudice and discrimination) Tajfel and Social Identity Theory
front 16 Social Identity Theory and Prejudice	back 16

front 17 Group Dynamics and Prejudice	back 17 Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment (1961) Realistic Conflict Theory Limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes within a society -In Group homogeneity and Out Group bias (basis of stereotype and prejudice). Stages: 1) In Group formation 2) friction and competition and 3) integration -Superordinate goals -Contact hypothesis -GRIT -PsyBlog: War, Peace and the Role of Power in Sherif's Robbers Cave Experiment
front 18 Prejudice and Discrimination	back 18 Prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice underlies the behavior of discrimination Components of Prejudice -Beliefs (stereotypes) -Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) -Predisposition to act (to discriminate)
front 19 Social, Emotional and Cognitive Roots of Prejudice	back 19 Social inequality, social division and emotional outgroup and ingroup bias An outlet for blame, anger and resentment Scapegoat Theory Just world phenomenon
front 20 Unconscious Prejudice	back 20 Prejudice works at the conscious and [even more at] the unconscious level. Prejudice is more a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision which then results in behavior (discrimination) -Implicit Association Test -Discrimination – A Class Divided

front 21 Group Dynamics	back 21 How does the presence of others influence individual behavior? - Social loafing - Social facilitation - Group polarization (incestuous amplification and risky shift) not groupthink - Deindividuation - Groupthink (rationalized conformity) and mindguard
front 22 Groupthink and Mindguard	back 22 Groupthink When norms for conforming in a homogeneous group become so strong, and members are so highly concerned about maintaining unanimity, that they fail to critically evaluate their options and consequently make a poor decision Examples...Iraq invasion, Bay of Pigs, Challenger disaster… Role of mindguard
front 23 Bystander Effect	back 23 Bystander intervention v. bystander apathy/effect (Kitty Genovese) First demonstrated by Darley and Latane (1968) Participants are assigned to alone or group condition (comprised of confederates). A crisis situation is staged; a person getting injured, a person having a seizure...How do participants react? Consistent Results: The presence of others inhibits helping… - Diffusion of responsibility/social loafing - Pluralistic ignorance - Bystander intervention
front 24 The Psychology of Helping	back 24 Altruistic and Prosocial behavior Social norms theory States that much of people’s behavior is influenced by their perception of how other members of their social group behave Social exchange theory An economic-social theory that assumes human relationships are based on choice and cost-benefit analyses = Social benefits If one partner's costs begin to outweigh his or her benefits, that person may leave the relationship, especially if there are good alternatives available

front 25 Theory of Social Comparison	back 25 Theory of Social Comparison (Festinger) Humans gain information about themselves, and source self-esteem, by comparison to others - Upward social comparison Individuals compare themselves to others who are “socially better” to view self more positively - Downward social comparison A defensive tendency to evaluate oneself in comparison with others whose troubles are more serious than one's own
front 26 Persuasion and the Elaboration Likelihood Model	back 26 Persuasion can be divided into two separate processes based on the "likelihood of cognitive elaborations," that is, whether people think critically about the content of a message, or respond to superficial aspects of the message and other immediate cues Central and peripheral routes to persuasion
front 27 The Psychology of Aggression	back 27 Bio-psychosocial model Biological Sources/Causes (brain, hormones, genetics, evolutionary - instinct theory) Psychological sources - Social scripts - Observational learning and reinforcements - Frustration-aggression hypothesis
front 28 Psychology of Attraction	back 28 Factors affecting attraction - Proximity/propinquity – mere exposure effect - Primacy (first impressions) - Physical attractiveness (facial matching) - Similarity - Complementarity (not dissimilarity) - Reward theory of attraction/social exchange - Intimacy Theories of interpersonal attraction – reinforcement, equity and cognitive consistency (balance)