front 1 Motion results from | back 1 Alternating contraction (shortening) & relaxation of muscles |
front 2 The scientific study of muscles | back 2 Myology |
front 3 Skeletal muscle tissue | back 3
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front 4 Cardiac muscle tissue | back 4
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front 5 Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue | back 5
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front 6 The four functions of muscle tissue | back 6
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front 7 The characteristics of muscle tissue | back 7
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front 8 Excitiability (irritability) | back 8 The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing action potentials (impulses) |
front 9 Action potentials | back 9 Electrical signals |
front 10 Contractility | back 10 The ability to shorten & thicken (contract), generating force to do work |
front 11 Extensibility | back 11 The ability to be extended (stretched) without damaging the tissue |
front 12 Elasticity | back 12 The ability to return to original shape after contraction or extension |
front 13 The term fascia | back 13 Applied to a sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue underneath the skin (superficial fascia) or around muscles & organs of the body (deep fascia) |
front 14 Other connective tissue components covering the entire muscle | back 14 Epimysium |
front 15 Perimysium | back 15 Covering fasciculi |
front 16 Endomysium | back 16 Covering individual muscle fibers |
front 17 Tendons & aponeuroses | back 17 Extensions of connective tissue beyond muscle cells that attach the muscle to bone or other muscle |
front 18 Tendon (synovial) sheaths | back 18 Enclose certain tendons & allow them to slide back and forth more easily |
front 19 Tensosynovitis | back 19 Inflammation of the tendon sheaths and synovial membranes of certain joints, especially those of the wrists, shoulders, elbows, fingers, and ankles |
front 20 Nerves (containing motor neurons) | back 20
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front 21 Motor neuron & the muscle fibers it stimulates form | back 21 Motor unit |
front 22 Single motor unit may innervate as few as 10 or as many as | back 22 2,000 muscle fibers |
front 23 Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) | back 23 Refers to an axon terminal of a motor neuron and the portion of the muscle fiber sarcolemma in close approximation with motor end plate |
front 24 Acetylcholine (ACh) | back 24 Released by the synaptic vesicles of a motor neuron, triggers a muscle action potential |
front 25 Skeletal muscle consists of | back 25 Fibers (cells) covered by a sarcolemma |
front 26 Fibers (cells) that are covered by a sacolemma contains | back 26 Myofibrils that consist of thin & thick filaments (myofilaments) |
front 27 The filaments are compartmentalized | back 27 Sarcomeres |
front 28 Thin filaments are composed of | back 28
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front 29 Thick filaments consist | back 29 Mostly of myosin |
front 30 Actin & myosin | back 30 Two contractile proteins in muscle |
front 31 Tropomyosin & tropin | back 31 Muscle's regulatory proteins |
front 32 Projecting myosin heads that contain actin and ATP binding sites are called | back 32 Cross bridges |
front 33 Elastic filaments help | back 33 Stabilize the position of thick filaments |
front 34 Sliding of thin filaments; Activated cross bridges attach to actin & a change in orientation of the cross bridges occurs | back 34 Power stroke |
front 35 Rigor mortis | back 35 State of muscular rigidity following death, results from a lack of ATP to split myosin-actin cross bridges |
front 36 If body temperature decreases | back 36 Shivering can help elevate it to normal |
front 37 All-or-nothing principle | back 37 Individual muscle fibers contract to their fullest extent; they do not partially contract |
front 38 Twitch contraction | back 38 Brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential |
front 39 Record of a muscle contraction | back 39 Myogram |
front 40 Myogram includes three periods | back 40
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front 41 The refractory period | back 41 Time when a muscle has temporarily lost excitability |
front 42 Skeletal muscles have | back 42 Short refractory period |
front 43 Cardiac muscles have | back 43 Long refractory period |
front 44 Wave (temporal) summation | back 44 Increased strength of a contraction from resulting from the application of a second stimulus before the muscles has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus |
front 45 Sustained muscle contraction that permits partial relaxation between stimullus | back 45 Incomplete (unfused) tetanus |
front 46 Sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation between stimuli | back 46 Complete (fused) tetanus |
front 47 In treppe (staircase effect) | back 47 Each of the first few contractions is a little stronger than the last |
front 48 Muscle fibers develops its greatest tension when | back 48 There is an optimal overlap between thick & thin filaments |
front 49 Recruitment (multiple motor unit summation) | back 49 The process of increasing the number of active motor units that prevents fatigue and helps provide smooth muscular contraction rather than a series of jerky movements |
front 50 Muscle tone | back 50 Sustained partial contraction of portions of a relaxed skeletal muscle results in a formness known as |
front 51 Refers to decreased or lost muscle tone; such muscles are said to be flaccid | back 51 Hypotonia |
front 52 Hypertonia | back 52 Refers to increased muscle tone and may be expressed as either spasticity (stiffness) or rigidity |
front 53 Active tension | back 53 Tension generated by contractile elements (thick & thin filaments) is called |
front 54 Passive tension | back 54 Tension generated by elastic elements and is not related to muscular contraction is called |
front 55 Isotonic contractions | back 55 Occurs when a constant load is moved through the range of motion possible at a joint & include concentric contractions and eccentric contractions |
front 56 Isometric contraction | back 56 The muscle does not shorten but tension increases |
front 57 Muscular atrophy | back 57 Wasting away of muscles & may be caused by disuse or severing of the nerve supply |
front 58 Muscular hypertrophy | back 58 Refers to an increase in the diameter of muscle fibers resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity |
front 59 On demand, skeletal muscle fibers can | back 59 Step up ATP production |
front 60 Creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) and ATP | back 60 Constitute the phosphagen system |
front 61 The AEROBIC partial catabolism of glucose to generate ATP and can provide enough energy for about 30-40 seconds of maximal muscle activity occurs in | back 61 The glycogen-lactic acid system |
front 62 Muscular activity lasting more than 30 seconds depends increasingly on AEROBIC system (reactions requiring oxygen) and system of ATP production involves the complete oxidation of glucose | back 62 Cellular respiration (biological oxidation) |
front 63 Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen | back 63
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front 64 The aerobic system will provide | back 64 Enough ATP for prolonged activity so long as sufficient oxygen and nutrients are available |
front 65 Elevated oxygen use after exercise | back 65 Recovery oxygen consumption |
front 66 The inability of a muscle to maintains its strength of contraction or tension and occurs when a muscle cannot produce enough ATP to meet its need | back 66 Muscle fatigue |
front 67 Microscopic muscle damage appears to be a major contributing factor to | back 67 Muscle soreness that follows bouts of strenous exercise |
front 68 All skeletal muscle fibers are not identical in | back 68 Structure and function |
front 69 Color caries according to the content of | back 69 Myoglobin |
front 70 Myoglobin is an | back 70 Oxygen storing reddish pigment |
front 71 Red muscle fibers have | back 71 A high myglobin content while the myoglobin content of white muscle fibers is low |
front 72 Fiber diameter varies as do the | back 72 Cell's allocations of mitochondria, blood capillaries, and sarcoplasmic retifulum |
front 73 Contraction veolcity and resistance to fatigue also | back 73 Differ between fibers |
front 74 Skeletal muscle fibers are classified as | back 74
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front 75 Type I (slow oxidative) | back 75
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front 76 Type IIA (fast oxidative) | back 76
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front 77 Type IIB (fast glycolytic) | back 77
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front 78 The use of anabolic steriods by athletes | back 78 Increase muscle size, strength, and endurance has been shown to have serious side effects, some of which are life-threatening |
front 79 Cardiac muscle tissue | back 79 Found only in the heart and is striated ad involuntary |
front 80 Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissues have | back 80
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front 81 The fibers branch | back 81 Freely and are connected via gap junctions |
front 82 Intercalated discs | back 82 Provide strength and aid in conduction of muscle action potentials by way of communicating junctions located in the discs |
front 83 Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue | back 83
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front 84 Cardiac muscle can contract | back 84 Without extrinsic (outside) stimulation and can remain contracted longer than skeletal muscle tissue |
front 85 Cardiac muscle has | back 85 Long refractory period that allows tie for the heart to relax between beats and which prevent tetanus |