front 1 What is a fenestrated capillary? | back 1
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front 2 Why is the left ventricular heart wall thicker than the right? | back 2 It helps it pump blood with greater pressure |
front 3 What happens with a thromboembolic disorder? | back 3 Involves embolus formation, a clot moving throughout the circulatory system |
front 4 Which blood type is a universal donor? | back 4 Type O |
front 5 What are functions of myocardial cells? | back 5 The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all |
front 6 What events occur when the semilunar (SL) valves are open? | back 6
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front 7 What epithelia supports the tunica intima? | back 7 Squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer |
front 8 What are three main factors influencing blood pressure? | back 8
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front 9 What are the parts of the heart's conducting system? | back 9
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front 10 What regulates cerebral blood flow? | back 10 Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisims |
front 11 What is the source of blood going to capillaries in the myocardium? | back 11 Coronary arteries |
front 12 Platelets .... | back 12 Also called thrombocytes, stick to area of damaged blood vessel and help to seal the break |
front 13 What is caused by hemorrhaging and a large loss of blood? | back 13 A lowering of blood pressure due to a change in cardiac output |
front 14 What is the plasma protein that is a main contributor of osmotic pressure? | back 14 Albumin |
front 15 Blood flow through the vascular system is equal to? | back 15 Cardiac output |
front 16 What is an isovolumetric contraction? | back 16 The short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
front 17 What is the primary function of capillaries? | back 17 Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells |
front 18 What are some protective functions of blood? | back 18 Clotting, presence of white blood cells and contains antibodies and antigens |
front 19 What are sinusoids? | back 19 Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes |
front 20 Peripheral resistance increases as what else increases? | back 20 Blood viscosity |
front 21 Where in the body is blood flow velocity the slowest? | back 21 In the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest |
front 22 Blood is what type of substance? | back 22 no data |
front 23 What are some functional characteristics of WBC? | back 23 no data |
front 24 What is the slowest step in the clotting process? | back 24 Formation of prothrombin activator |
front 25 Blood in pulmonary veins returns to where? | back 25 Left atrium |
front 26 Some basic facts about heart valves | back 26 AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. |
front 27 What vessels receive blood during ventricular systole? | back 27 Aorta and pulmonary trunk |
front 28 The tunic of an artery most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? | back 28 Tunica medica |
front 29 What organ regulates red blood cell production? | back 29 Red marrow |
front 30 What layer of the heart contracts? | back 30 Myocardium |
front 31 Where do arteries carry blood in regards to the heart? | back 31 All carry blood away from the heart |
front 32 What is the most common type of blood capillary? | back 32 Continuous capillary |
front 33 When does blood flow increase to skin? | back 33 When environmental temperature increases |
front 34 What is hypovolemic shock? | back 34 Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea |
front 35 What would happen to heart rate if vagal nerves to the heart were cut? | back 35 The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
front 36 What is a blood pressure reading indicative of hypertension? | back 36 170/96 |
front 37 What is pernicious anemia? | back 37 A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12
and large pale cells called |
front 38 Aldosterone does what to blood pressure? | back 38 Promotes an increase |
front 39 What influence does blood vessel diameter have on peripheral resistance? | back 39 A significant amount because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius |
front 40 What is cardiac tamponade? | back 40 Pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium). |
front 41 Some factors influencing heart rate | back 41 Age, gender and body temperature |
front 42 In an EKG, the P wave is indicative of what? | back 42 Atrial depolarization |
front 43 A thrombus in the first branch of the arch of aorta would affect blood flow to where? | back 43 Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm |
front 44 What is the cause of bleeding disorders? | back 44 Thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets, a defect in the clotting cascade and/or vitamin K deficiency |
front 45 Explain Angina Pectoris | back 45 A man enters the hospital complaining of chest pain. His history includes smoking, a stressful job, a diet heavy in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Although he is not suffering from a heart attack, his doctor explains to him that a heart attack is quite possible. What did the chest pain indicate? Why is this man a prime candidate for further complications? Angina pectoris. If the coronary arteries are occluded (atherosclerosis), the heart muscle could be deprived of oxygen, resulting in a heart attack. Patient should refrain from smoking and improve diet.. |
front 46 Increase in red blood cell production would cause what effect on blood pressure? | back 46 Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase |
front 47 If blood supply is stopped to a cardiac muscle, damage results from what? | back 47 Decreased delivery of oxygen |
front 48 What are some factors that trigger erythropoiesis? | back 48 Hypoxia of EPO-producing cells |
front 49 What heart vessels receive blood during right ventricular systole? | back 49 Pulmonary trunk |
front 50 Phases of hemostasis | back 50
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front 51 What are muscular arteries? | back 51 Distributing arteries |
front 52 During ventricular filling, where does blood flow? | back 52 Blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
front 53 Some age-related factors affecting the heart | back 53
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front 54 What influences arterial pulse rate? | back 54
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front 55 When is the tricuspid valve closed? | back 55 When the ventricle is in systole |
front 56 What are veins also known as? | back 56 no data |
front 57 During vigorous exercise, capillaries will do what? | back 57 Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood |
front 58 What is the foramen ovale? | back 58 Connects the two atria in the fetal heart |
front 59 What are some distributive functions of blood? | back 59
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front 60 A patient with blood type AB can receive what types of blood? | back 60 Can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen |
front 61 Facts about cardiac output | back 61 A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction |
front 62 Characteristics of all white blood cells | back 62
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front 63 Why are arterioles known as resistance vessels? | back 63 The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter |
front 64 How does norepinephrine act on the heart? | back 64 It causes the threshold to be reached more quickly |
front 65 What parts of the heart are directly involved in pulmonary circulation? | back 65 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium |
front 66 Why would you want low capillary pressure? | back 66
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front 67 What causes a heart block? | back 67 Damage to the AV node |
front 68 What is a normal hemoglobin count? | back 68 Around 16 g/mL |
front 69 Which arteries feed directly into capillary beds? | back 69 Arterioles |
front 70 What would happen if the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as in skeletal muscle? | back 70 Tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action |
front 71 What distinguishes the left from right ventricle? | back 71 The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right |
front 72 No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in what? | back 72 Monocytes |
front 73 What is the most critical source of blood resistance? | back 73 Blood vessel diameter |
front 74 What is the ductus venosus? | back 74 A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver |
front 75 What is a late sign of hypovolemic shock? | back 75 Rapidly falling blood pressure |
front 76 When would brain blood flow autoregulation stop? | back 76 Abnormally high CO2 levels are present |
front 77 What chemicals help regulate blood pressure? | back 77
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front 78 What is angina pectoris? | back 78 Pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries |
front 79 What is renal regulation? | back 79 Provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure |
front 80 What type of muscle has gap junctions? | back 80 Cardiac muscle |
front 81 Explain Atherosclerosis | back 81 he disease process involves several stages and usually affects the aorta and coronary arteries. The initial event involves damage to the tunica intima caused by bloodborne chemicals or physical factors such as a blow or infection. Injured endothelial cells release chemicals that increase the uptake by the endothelium of fats, LDLs, and cholesterol. This eventually attracts macrophages that ingest the oxidized fats and, along with smooth muscle cells from the tunica media, transform into foam cells. Foam cells become fatty streaks, which, along with collagen and elastin fibers secreted by smooth muscle cells, form atherosclerotic plaques. These protrude into the lumen and narrow the blood vessels. |
front 82 What is the largest constituent of blood plasma? | back 82 Water, about 90% |
front 83 What is the hemocytoblast? | back 83 Hematopoietic stem cells |
front 84 What is responsible for normal heart sounds? | back 84 Closure of the heart valves |
front 85 What is pulse pressure? | back 85 Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure |
front 86 What makes up blood type O? | back 86 Type O blood has A and B Antibodies and NO ANTIGENS |
front 87 What does blood type AB+ mean? | back 87 There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma |
front 88 The normal pH range of blood? | back 88 7.4 |
front 89 Where would you auscultate the aortic SL valve? | back 89 Second intercostal space to the right of the sternum |
front 90 Explain Angina Pectoris | back 90 Blockage of the coronary arterial circulation can be serious and sometimes fatal. Angina pectoris is thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium. It may result from stress-induced spasms of the coronary arteries or from increased physical de- mands on the heart. The myocardial cells are weakened by the temporary lack of oxygen but do not die. |
front 91 Explain Atherosclerosis | back 91 In arteriosclerosis, the walls |